Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is a controversial proposed socially mediated subtype of gender dysphoria. Lisa Littman, as an assistant professor at the Brown University School of Public Health, created the term to describe surveyed parents' accounts of their teenage children suddenly manifesting symptoms of gender dysphoria and self-identifying as transgender simultaneously with other children in their peer group. Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders. ROGD is not recognized by any major professional association, with Littman noting that it is "not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time".

Littman published a descriptive study in PLOS One in August 2018. Criticism was voiced by some readers and by transgender activists, and two weeks after publication, PLOS One responded by announcing a post-publication review of the paper. On the same day as PLOS One announced its post-publication review, Brown University retracted its press release promoting the study. The controversy grew as articles and opinion pieces, both critical and supportive, were published in mainstream media discussing concerns about the study's methodology and the validity of its hypotheses, as well as issues of academic freedom.

In March 2019, the journal concluded its review and republished Littman's revised and corrected version. Other researchers have since remarked on a much increased incidence of youth seeking care for dysphoria, the cause of which remains to be established.

In 2021 the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association cosigned a statement with several other medical organizations calling for ROGD to not be used in diagnostic or clinical settings due to lack of empirical evidence. They also criticized misinformation surrounding the concept of ROGD being used to justify laws targeting the rights of transgender youth in the United States.