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INFO: Full form for CGI is Charged Gasoline Injection in Chemistry category
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An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós) 'vapour, steam', and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules.

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration; lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia that is used to make nucleotides and amino acids; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, the solar wind, and cosmic rays to protect organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.

INFO: Full form for CPC is Cetyl-pyridinium Chloride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ASA is Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin) in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ASA is Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PET is Poly-ethylene Teraphthalate in Chemistry category
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Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins.

It may also be referred to by the brand names Terylene in the UK, Lavsan in Russia and the former Soviet Union, and Dacron in the US.

Bio-PET is the bio-based counterpart of PET.

The majority of the world's PET production is for synthetic fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In the context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester, whereas the acronym PET is generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer after polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

PET consists of polymerized units of the monomer ethylene terephthalate, with repeating (C10H8O4) units. PET is commonly recycled, and has the digit 1 (♳) as its resin identification code (RIC).

Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline polymer. The semicrystalline material might appear transparent (particle size less than 500 nm) or opaque and white (particle size up to a few micrometers) depending on its crystal structure and particle size.

The monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct (this is also known as a condensation reaction), or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with water as the byproduct.

An organochloride, organochlorine compound, chlorocarbon, or chlorinated hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine. The chloroalkane class (alkanes with one or more hydrogens substituted by chlorine) provides common examples. The wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties of organochlorides lead to a broad range of names, applications, and properties. Organochlorine compounds have wide use in many applications, though some are of profound environmental concern, with TCDD being one of the most notorious.

INFO: Full form for HSN is Hehre, Shusterman, and Nelson in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DLC is Diamond Like Carbon in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DLC is Dry Liquid Concentrate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DLC is Dioxin-like Compound in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IGS is Insoluble Glue Substances in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GST is Germanium-antimony-tellurium (gesbte) in Chemistry category
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3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, E, or molly, is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes. The desired effects include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, as well as pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last 3 to 6 hours.

MDMA was first developed in 1912 by Merck. It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music. It may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. In 2016, about 21 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy (0.3% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine or amphetamines, but lower than for cannabis or opioids. In the United States, as of 2017, about 7% of people have used MDMA at some point in their lives and 0.9% have used it in the last year.

Short-term adverse effects include grinding of the teeth, blurred vision, sweating and a rapid heartbeat, and extended use can also lead to addiction, memory problems, paranoia and difficulty sleeping. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. Following use, people often feel depressed and tired. MDMA acts primarily by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in parts of the brain. It belongs to the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs and has stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

MDMA is illegal in most countries and, as of 2018, has no approved medical uses. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration is currently evaluating the drug for clinical use.

INFO: Full form for MDMA is 3,4-methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for SNF is Supernatant Fluid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for COV is Compos in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MTD is Mixture Transition Distribution in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for SMA is Styrene Malic Anhydride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MOA is Method of Anlaysis in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IOC is In-organic Contaminant in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for SMAC is Supramolecular Activation Cluster in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HF is High Fluorocarbon in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HF is Hartree-fock in Chemistry category
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