Explore topic-wise fullforms in Chemistry

INFO: Full form for VPCI is Vapor Phase Corrosion Inihibitor in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for KHP is Potassium Acid Phthalate in Chemistry category
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The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.

The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon or other organic molecule reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water and release heat. It may be expressed with the quantities:

There are two kinds of enthalpy of combustion, called higher and lower heating value, depending on how much the products are allowed to cool and whether compounds like H
2O are allowed to condense.The high heat values are conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. Low heat values are calculated from high heat value test data. They may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation ΔH⦵
f of the products and reactants (though this approach is somewhat artificial since most heats of formation are typically calculated from measured heats of combustion). For a fuel of composition CcHhOoNn, the (higher) heat of combustion is 418 kJ/mol (c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o) usually to a good approximation (±3%), though it can be significantly off if o + n > c (for instance in the case of nitroglycerine, C
3H
5N
3O
9, this formula would predict a heat of combustion of 0). The value corresponds to an exothermic reaction (a negative change in enthalpy) because the double bond in molecular oxygen is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, particularly those in the combustion products carbon dioxide and water; conversion of the weak bonds in oxygen to the stronger bonds in carbon dioxide and water releases energy as heat.

By convention, the (higher) heat of combustion is defined to be the heat released for the complete combustion of a compound in its standard state to form stable products in their standard states: hydrogen is converted to water (in its liquid state), carbon is converted to carbon dioxide gas, and nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas. That is, the heat of combustion, ΔH°comb, is the heat of reaction of the following process:

INFO: Full form for DMAA is N-n-dimethylacetoacetamide in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GICD is Gas-injected Cellular Di-electric in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GCAT is General Chemistry Assessment Test in Chemistry category
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Galvanic vestibular stimulation is the process of sending specific electric messages to a nerve in the ear that maintains balance. There are two main groups of receptors in the vestibular system: the three semi-circular canals, and the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule). This technology has been investigated for both military and commercial purposes. The technology is being applied in Atsugi, Japan, the Mayo Clinic in the US, and a number of other research institutions around the world. It is being investigated for a variety of applications, including biomedical, pilot training, and entertainment. Not much is known about galvanic vestibular stimulation, but more scientists are continuing to research the topic.

A patient undergoing GVS noted:

I felt a mysterious, irresistible urge to start walking to the right whenever the researcher turned the switch to the right. I was convinced—mistakenly—that this was the only way to maintain my balance.

The phenomenon is painless but dramatic. Your feet start to move before you know it. I could even remote-control myself by taking the switch into my own hands.

INFO: Full form for GABA is Gamma Amino Butyric Acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DQS is Discrete Quantum State in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GKS is Gaspar-kohn-sham in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IOCM is International Organic Chemistry Meeting in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FVP is Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for KIDS is Kentuckiana Institute of Developmental Services in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BHAP is Bis-heteroaryl Piperzine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ECV is Exploration, Crystallization, and Validation in Chemistry category
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A boiling water reactor (BWR) is a type of light water nuclear reactor used for the generation of electrical power. It is the second most common type of electricity-generating nuclear reactor after the pressurized water reactor (PWR), which is also a type of light water nuclear reactor. The main difference between a BWR and PWR is that in a BWR, the reactor core heats water, which turns to steam and then drives a steam turbine. In a PWR, the reactor core heats water, which does not boil. This hot water then exchanges heat with a lower pressure water system, which turns to steam and drives the turbine. The BWR was developed by the Argonne National Laboratory and General Electric (GE) in the mid-1950s. The main present manufacturer is GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, which specializes in the design and construction of this type of reactor.

INFO: Full form for TZC is Tetrazolium Chloride in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TZK is 2-(sec-butyl) Thiazoline in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UBE is Upper Band Edge in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UVF is Ultraviolet Filter in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for AIAMC is Anti Infective Agents In Medicinal Chemistry in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PVT is Pressure, Volume, and Temperature in Chemistry category
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In chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory is one of the two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed. In contrast, molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule.

INFO: Full form for TFV is Polytetrafluoroethylene White in Chemistry category
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Tenofovir disoproxil, sold under the trade name Viread among others, is a medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B and to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention of HIV/AIDS among those at high risk before exposure, and after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and together as emtricitabine/tenofovir and efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir. It does not cure HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B. It is available by mouth as a tablet or powder.

Common side effects include nausea, rash, diarrhea, headache, pain, depression, and weakness. Severe side effects include high blood lactate and an enlarged liver. There are no absolute contraindications. It is often recommended during pregnancy and appears to be safe. It is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by decreasing the ability of the viruses to replicate.

Tenofovir was patented in 1996 and approved for use in the United States in 2001. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication as of 2017.

INFO: Full form for UQF is Unit Quench Factor in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WBAS is Wetland Biogeochemistry Analytical Services in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UQB is Unquadbium (element 142) in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UQB is Ucon Quenchant B in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UQC is Ucon Quenchant C in Chemistry category
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Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere. Under typical atmospheric conditions, water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is less dense than most of the other constituents of air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds.

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas and warming feedback, contributing more to total greenhouse effect than non-condensable gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Use of water vapor, as steam, has been important for cooking, and as a major component in energy production and transport systems since the industrial revolution.

Water vapor is a relatively common atmospheric constituent, present even in the solar atmosphere as well as every planet in the Solar System and many astronomical objects including natural satellites, comets and even large asteroids. Likewise the detection of extrasolar water vapor would indicate a similar distribution in other planetary systems. Water vapor is significant in that it can be indirect evidence supporting the presence of extraterrestrial liquid water in the case of some planetary mass objects.

INFO: Full form for WV is Weight Variant in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for UG is Undisturbed Gas in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ULT is Ultra- Low Temperature in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HSM is High Salt Medium in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GML is Glycerol Monolaurate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NMI is N-methyl-imidazole in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MSI is Molecular Simulations, Inc. in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PCM is Pento Cyleinic Methyl in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PCB is Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chemistry category
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Dipole moment may refer to: