Explore topic-wise fullforms in Computer and Networking

INFO: Full form for UPTSP is Universal Personal Telecommunications Service Providers in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for TSG is Technical Specification Group in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PPD is Proposal Package Description in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PNE is Production of Norms in Europe in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PCCC is Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Codes in Computer and Networking category
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A business telephone system is a multiline telephone system typically used in business environments, encompassing systems ranging in technology from the key telephone system (KTS) to the private branch exchange (PBX).

A business telephone system differs from an installation of several telephones with multiple central office (CO) lines in that the CO lines used are directly controllable in key telephone systems from multiple telephone stations, and that such a system often provides additional features related to call handling. Business telephone systems are often broadly classified into key telephone systems, and private branch exchanges, but many hybrid systems exist.

A key telephone system was originally distinguished from a private branch exchange in that it did not require an operator or attendant at the switchboard to establish connections between the central office trunks and stations, or between stations. Technologically, private branch exchanges share lineage with central office telephone systems, and in larger or more complex systems, may rival a central office system in capacity and features. With a key telephone system, a station user could control the connections directly using line buttons, which indicated the status of lines with built-in lamps.

INFO: Full form for PEX is ETSI Help Desk for Conformance in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PSIDS is Private System ID Service in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PoV is Packet over VDSL in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PSPDN is Packet Switched Public Data Network in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for ONT is Optical Network Termination in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PLMTS is Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for PDD is Post Dial Delay in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PDN is Packet Data Network in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PTCC is Pex & Testing Competence Center (ETSI) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PMCE is Packet Mode Channel Element in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PSNEXT is Power Sum Near-end Crosstalk in Computer and Networking category

A telephone exchange, telephone switch, or central office is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or in large enterprises. It interconnects telephone subscriber lines or virtual circuits of digital systems to establish telephone calls between subscribers.

In historical perspective, telecommunication terms have been used with different semantics over time. The term telephone exchange is often used synonymously with central office, a Bell System term. Often, a central office is defined as a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially several telephone exchanges, each serving a certain geographical area. Such an area has also been referred to as the exchange or exchange area. In North America, a central office location may also be identified as a wire center, designating a facility to which a telephone is connected and obtains dial tone. For business and billing purposes, telecommunication carriers define rate centers, which in larger cities may be clusters of central offices, to define specified geographical locations for determining distance measurements.

In the United States and Canada, the Bell System established in the 1940s a uniform nationwide numbering system of identifying central offices with a three-digit central office code and a three-digit numbering plan area code (NPA code, or area code). Central office codes were unique in each numbering plan area. The NPA code and the central office code were used as prefixes in subscriber telephone numbers. With the development of international and transoceanic telephone trunks, especially driven by direct customer dialing, similar efforts of systematic organization of the telephone networks occurred in many countries in the mid-20th century.

For corporate or enterprise use, a private telephone exchange is often referred to as a private branch exchange (PBX), when it has connections to the public switched telephone network. A PBX is installed in enterprise facilities, typically near large office spaces or within an organizational campus to serve the organization's telephones and any private leased line circuits. Smaller installations might deploy a PBX or key telephone system in the office of a receptionist.

INFO: Full form for PoV-TC is Packet over VDSL - Transmission Convergence Layer in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for PER is Parameter Error Rate in Computer and Networking category
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Plastic optical fiber (POF) or polymer optical fiber is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light (for illumination or data) through the core of the fiber. Its chief advantage over the glass product, other aspect being equal, is its robustness under bending and stretching.

INFO: Full form for POCSAG is Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group (UK) in Computer and Networking category
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Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) is a standard interface description language for defining data structures that can be serialized and deserialized in a cross-platform way. It is broadly used in telecommunications and computer networking, and especially in cryptography.

Protocol developers define data structures in ASN.1 modules, which are generally a section of a broader standards document written in the ASN.1 language. The advantage is that the ASN.1 description of the data encoding is independent of a particular computer or programming language. Because ASN.1 is both human-readable and machine-readable, an ASN.1 compiler can compile modules into libraries of code, codecs, that decode or encode the data structures. Some ASN.1 compilers can produce code to encode or decode several encodings, e.g. packed, BER or XML.

ASN.1 is a joint standard of the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) in ITU-T Study Group 17 and ISO/IEC, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409:1984. In 1988, ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series. The latest revision of the X.680 series of recommendations is the 5.0 Edition, published in 2015.

INFO: Full form for OFB is Output Feedback in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for POF is Private Operating Frequencies in Computer and Networking category
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The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is the number of pulses of a repeating signal in a specific time unit, normally measured in pulses per second. The term is used within a number of technical disciplines, notably radar.

In radar, a radio signal of a particular carrier frequency is turned on and off; the term "frequency" refers to the carrier, while the PRF refers to the number of switches. Both are measured in terms of cycle per second, or hertz. The PRF is normally much lower than the frequency. For instance, a typical World War II radar like the Type 7 GCI radar had a basic carrier frequency of 209 MHz (209 million cycles per second) and a PRF of 300 or 500 pulses per second. A related measure is the pulse width, the amount of time the transmitter is turned on during each pulse.

The PRF is one of the defining characteristics of a radar system, which normally consists of a powerful transmitter and sensitive receiver connected to the same antenna. After producing a brief pulse of radio signal, the transmitter is turned off in order for the receiver units to hear the reflections of that signal off distant targets. Since the radio signal has to travel out to the target and back again, the required inter-pulse quiet period is a function of the radar's desired range. Longer periods are required for longer range signals, requiring lower PRFs. Conversely, higher PRFs produce shorter maximum ranges, but broadcast more pulses, and thus radio energy, in a given time. This creates stronger reflections that make detection easier. Radar systems must balance these two competing requirements.

Using older electronics, PRFs were generally fixed to a specific value, or might be switched among a limited set of possible values. This gives each radar system a characteristic PRF, which can be used in electronic warfare to identify the type or class of a particular platform such as a ship or aircraft, or in some cases, a particular unit. Radar warning receivers in aircraft include a library of common PRFs which can identify not only the type of radar, but in some cases the mode of operation. This allowed pilots to be warned when an SA-2 SAM battery had "locked on", for instance. Modern radar systems are generally able to smoothly change their PRF, pulse width and carrier frequency, making identification much more difficult.

Sonar and lidar systems also have PRFs, as does any pulsed system. In the case of sonar, the term pulse repetition rate (PRR) is more common, although it refers to the same concept.

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer; The layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. This layer may be implemented by a PHY chip.

The physical layer defines the means of transmitting a stream of raw bits over a physical data link connecting network nodes. The bitstream may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a transmission medium. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to broadcast on, the line code to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified by the physical layer.

INFO: Full form for PMMS is Power Measurement Modulation Session in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PCME is Packet Circuit Multiplication Equipment in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for OHG is Operator Harmonization Group in Computer and Networking category
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In computing, object model has two related but distinct meanings:

An object model consists of the following important features:

INFO: Full form for OM is Optical fiber Multimode category in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PBNM is Policy Based Network Management in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PPDN is Public Packet Data Network in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for PRBS is Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PINX is Private Integrated Network Exchange in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PMCC is Packet Mode Channel Connect in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PBO is Power Back Off in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for PMCH is Packet Mode Channel Call Control in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for Q-Mode is Quiescent Mode (Q4/15) in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for PMCH is Packet Mode Channel Handler in Computer and Networking category
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Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of digital modulation methods and a related family of analog modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves of the same frequency are out of phase with each other by 90°, a condition known as orthogonality or quadrature. The transmitted signal is created by adding the two carrier waves together. At the receiver, the two waves can be coherently separated (demodulated) because of their orthogonality property. Another key property is that the modulations are low-frequency/low-bandwidth waveforms compared to the carrier frequency, which is known as the narrowband assumption.

Phase modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be regarded as a special case of QAM, where the amplitude of the transmitted signal is a constant, but its phase varies. This can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can be regarded as a special case of phase modulation.

QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication systems, such as in 802.11 Wi-Fi standards. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can be achieved with QAM by setting a suitable constellation size, limited only by the noise level and linearity of the communications channel. QAM is being used in optical fiber systems as bit rates increase; QAM16 and QAM64 can be optically emulated with a 3-path interferometer.