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INFO: Full form for EPZ is Emergency Planning Zone in Governmental category
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The surface warfare insignia is a military badge of the United States Navy which is issued to U.S. Navy personnel who are trained and qualified to perform duties aboard United States surface warships. There are presently four classes of the surface warfare pin, being that of line, staff, special operations, and enlisted. The line and enlisted surface warfare badges may be earned by United States Coast Guard personnel assigned to Navy commands. The various badge types are as follows:

INFO: Full form for ESWS is Environmental Soil and Water Science in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Armamento y Construcción in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is China and Inner Asia Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is Computer Incident Advisory Capability (U.S. Department of Energy) in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is California International Arbitration Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is California Intersegmental Articulation Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for YEW is Yale Environmental Women in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is Community Involvement Advisory Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is Cephalopod International Advisory Council in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAB is Chamber of Independent Appraisers in Bulgaria in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAC is Construction Industry Advisory Council in Governmental category
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The following is a list of smoking bans in the United States.

The United States Congress has not attempted to enact any type of nationwide federal smoking ban in workplaces and public places. Therefore, such policies are entirely a product of first-level jurisdictional, local criminal, and occupational safety and health laws.

In 1995, California was the first state to enact a statewide smoking ban for restaurants. Throughout the early to mid-2000s, especially between 2004 and 2007, an increasing number of states enacted a statewide smoking ban of some kind. As of July 2018, the most recent statewide smoking ban is Alaska's, which was signed into law on July 18, 2018, and went into effect on October 1, 2018.

As further detailed in this list, smoking laws vary widely throughout the United States. Some places in the United States do not generally regulate smoking at all, some ban smoking in certain areas and not others, and some ban smoking nearly everywhere, even in outdoor areas (no state bans smoking in all public outdoor areas, but some local jurisdictions do). As of July 1, 2017, according to the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation, 81.5% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law", and 58.6% live under a ban covering all workplaces and restaurants and bars. A smoking ban (either state or local) has been enacted covering all bars and restaurants in each of the 60 most populated cities in the United States except these ten: Jacksonville, Memphis, Miami, Las Vegas, Nashville, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Tampa, Tulsa, and Virginia Beach. New Hampshire allows smoking in some private member's clubs where alcohol is served.

INFO: Full form for CIAB is Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AHAS is Automated Historical Archives System in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAA is Commission on Investigation of the Abuse of Authority in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CIAA is Central Iowa Apartment Alliance in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ZES is Zappy Electric Scooter in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ATAA is Arts Touring Alliance of Alberta in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ATAA is Aviation Electronics Technician Airman Apprentice in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ZERO is Zazao Environmental Rights Organization in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for FDTE is Force Development Test and Experimentation in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for FDTA is Fish Drill Team Association in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for FDTA is Finance Defense Travel Administration in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for DIAS is Delhi Institute of Advanced Studies in Governmental category
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The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) (Irish: Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a statutory, independent research institute in Ireland. It was established in 1940 by the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera in Dublin, Ireland.

The Institute consists of three schools: the School of Theoretical Physics, the School of Cosmic Physics and the School of Celtic studies. The directors of these schools are currently Professor Werner Nahm, Professor Chris Bean and Professor Ruairí Ó hUiginn. The Institute under the act is empowered to "train students in methods of advanced research" but does not itself award degrees; graduate students working under the supervision of Institute researchers can, with the agreement of the governing board of the appropriate school, be registered for a higher degree in any university worldwide.

Following a comprehensive review of the higher education sector, and its institutions, conducted by the Higher Education Authority for the Minister for Education and Skills in 2013, DIAS was approved to remain an independent research institute carrying out fundamental research. It appointed a new CEO, Dr Eucharia Meehan, formerly Director of the Irish Research Council, in the summer of 2017.

INFO: Full form for DIAS is Draw Includes All Survivors in Governmental category
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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865, also known by other names) was a civil war fought between the United States (the states remaining in the federal union — "the Union" or "the North") and the Confederate States of America (southern states that voted to secede — "the Confederacy" or "the South"). The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, four million of the 32 million Americans (nearly 13%) were enslaved black people, almost all in the South.

The practice of slavery in the United States was one of the key political issues of the 19th century; decades of political unrest over slavery led up to the war. Disunion came after Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 United States presidential election on an anti-slavery expansion platform. An initial seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the country to form the Confederacy. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory they claimed, the attempted Crittenden Compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. Fighting broke out in April 1861 when the Confederate army began the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, just over a month after the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states (out of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861), and asserted claims to two more. The states that remained loyal to the federal government were known as the Union. Large volunteer and conscription armies were raised; four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued.

During 1861–1862 in the war's Western Theater, the Union made significant permanent gains, though in the war's Eastern Theater, the conflict was inconclusive. In September 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy by summer 1862, then much of its western armies, and seized New Orleans. The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee's incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to General Ulysses S. Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta in 1864 to Union General William Tecumseh Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, gateway to the Confederate capitol of Richmond.

The war effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Lee surrendered to Union General Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, after abandoning Petersburg and Richmond. Confederate generals throughout the Southern states followed suit, the last surrender on land occurring on June 23. By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the country and grant civil rights to freed slaves.

The Civil War is one of the most studied and written about episodes in the history of the United States, and remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. The American Civil War was among the earliest to employ industrial warfare. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, the ironclad warship, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. In total the war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of civilian casualties. President Lincoln was assassinated just five days after Lee's surrender. The Civil War remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, and accounted for more American military deaths than all other wars combined until the Vietnam War. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation, and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I, World War II, and subsequent conflicts.

The Arts Council of Wales (ACW; Welsh: Cyngor Celfyddydau Cymru) is a Welsh Government-sponsored body, responsible for funding and developing the arts in Wales.

Established within the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1946, as the Welsh Arts Council (Welsh: Cyngor Celfyddydau Cymru), its English name was changed to the Arts Council of Wales when it was independently established by royal charter on 30 March 1994 (the Welsh name remained the same), upon its merger with the three Welsh regional arts associations. It became accountable to the National Assembly for Wales on 1 July 1999, when responsibility was transferred from the Secretary of State for Wales. The Welsh Government provides ACW with money to fund the arts in Wales. ACW also distributes National Lottery funding for the arts in Wales, allocated by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS).

The Arts Council of Wales is a registered charity under English law and has a board of trustees who meet six times a year, chaired by Phil George. Apart from the Chair, Council members are not paid; they are appointed by the Welsh Government. The Arts Council of Wales has offices in Colwyn Bay, Carmarthen and Cardiff. Nick Capaldi has been its chief executive since 2008.

In 2021 the Arts Council of Wales was found to be "systemically racist" in a report which concluded that the Welsh-speaking requirements at it and National Museums Wales limited opportunities for ethnic minorities, leading to a perception that "Welsh means white".

The Arts Council partners with the National Eisteddfod of Wales to produce its annual "Y Lle Celf" exhibition of Welsh art, craft and design.

INFO: Full form for ACW is Anti Crash Weapon in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for CFAC is Combined Forces Air Component in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ZETA is Zero Energy Thermal Apparatus in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ZEST is Zest Energy Strength and Tenacity in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AMAA is Aviation Structural Mechanic Airman Apprentice in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AMAA is Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ZETA is Z Energy Transition Anticipation in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ESW is Engine Status Word in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ESW is Economic and Sector Work in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ESVS is Escape Suit Ventilation System in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ACVR is A**hole Conservatives and Vicious Republicans in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ACVP is Automated Commercial Vehicle Permitting in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AFAF is American Friends of our Armed Forces in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for DITE is Dynamic Investigation And Threat Elimination in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AFAF is Air Force Assistance Fund in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for AFAF is Air Force Auxiliary Field in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ADW is Advanced Design Workshop in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ADW is Air Defense Warning in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ADW is After Dump Weight in Governmental category
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INFO: Full form for ADW is Air Defense Wing in Governmental category
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