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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically-oriented practices. While once it was possible to describe CSR as an internal organisational policy or a corporate ethic strategy, that time has passed as various national and international laws have been developed and various organisations have used their authority to push it beyond individual or even industry-wide initiatives. While it has been considered a form of corporate self-regulation for some time, over the last decade or so it has moved considerably from voluntary decisions at the level of individual organizations to mandatory schemes at regional, national, and international levels.

Considered at the organisational level, CSR is generally understood as a strategic initiative that contributes to a brand's reputation. As such, social responsibility initiatives must coherently align with and be integrated into a business model to be successful. With some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance with regulatory requirements and engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law".

Furthermore, businesses may engage in CSR for strategic or ethical purposes. From a strategic perspective, CSR can contribute to firm profits, particularly if brands voluntarily self-report both the positive and negative outcomes of their endeavors. In part, these benefits accrue by increasing positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate actions. CSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders including consumers, employees, investors, communities, and others. From an ethical perspective, some businesses will adopt CSR policies and practices because of the ethical beliefs of senior management: for example, the CEO of outdoor-apparel company Patagonia, Inc. argues that harming the environment is ethically objectionable.

Proponents argue that corporations increase long-term profits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role. A 2000 study compared existing econometric studies of the relationship between social and financial performance, concluding that the contradictory results of previous studies reporting positive, negative, and neutral financial impact, were due to flawed empirical analysis and claimed when the study is properly specified, CSR has a neutral impact on financial outcomes. Critics questioned the "lofty" and sometimes "unrealistic expectations" in CSR. or that CSR is merely window-dressing, or an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations. In line with this critical perspective, political and sociological institutionalists became interested in CSR in the context of theories of globalization, neoliberalism, and late capitalism. Some institutionalists viewed CSR as a form of capitalist legitimacy and in particular point out that what began as a social movement against uninhibited corporate power was transformed by corporations into a "business model" and a "risk management" device, often with questionable results.

The concept and ambit of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has exponentially increased in the recent past particularly during the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11.03.2020. The number of people affected due to the virus and its resulting impact on CSR has transformed the outlook of businesses towards society all over the world

CSR is titled to aid an organization's mission as well as serve as a guide to what the company represents for its consumers. Business ethics is the part of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR. Public sector organizations (the United Nations for example) adhere to the triple bottom line (TBL). It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles, but with no formal act of legislation.

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for securities and commodity market in India under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance , Government of India. It was established on 12 April 1992 and given Statutory Powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act, 1992.

INFO: Full form for CPAO is Central Pension Accounting Office in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) was an agency of the Government of India, part of the Department of Financial Services of the Ministry of Finance. Set up in January 1987 by the Rajiv Gandhi government, its objective was to determine sickness of industrial companies and to assist in reviving those that may be viable and shutting down the others. On 1 December 2016, the Narendra Modi government dissolved BIFR and referred all proceedings to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) as per provisions of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex regulatory body for overall regulation of regional rural banks and apex cooperative banks in India. It is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance , Government of India. The bank has been entrusted with "matters concerning policy, planning, and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India". NABARD is active in developing & implementing Financial Inclusion .

An auditor general, also known in some countries as a comptroller general or comptroller and auditor general, is a senior civil servant charged with improving government accountability by auditing and reporting on the government's operations.

Frequently, the institution headed by the auditor general is a member of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).

National Housing Bank (NHB), is the apex regulatory body for overall regulation and licensing of housing finance companies in India. It is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance , Government of India. It was set up on 9 July 1988 under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987. NHB is the apex financial institution for housing. NHB has been established with an objective to operate as a principal agency to promote housing finance institutions both at local and regional levels and to provide financial and other support incidental to such institutions and for matters connected therewith. The Finance Act, 2019 has amended the National Housing Bank Act, 1987. The amendment confers the powers of regulation of Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) to the Reserve Bank of India.

NHB registers and supervises Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), keeps surveillance through On-site & Off-site Mechanisms and co-ordinates with other Regulators.

INFO: Full form for CCA is Chief Controller of Accounts in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for DRAT is Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was a national agency of Government of India, with the remit to consider and recommend foreign direct investment (FDI) which does not come under the automatic route. India attract net inward foreign direct investment amounting to USD 30.76 billion during the fiscal year ended March 2014, a 14.13% increase compared to the previous fiscal year. acted as a single window clearance for proposals on foreign direct investment (FDI) in India. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was housed in the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance. FIPB was abolished on 24 May 2017, as announced by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley during 2017-2018 budget speech in Lok Sabha.

INFO: Full form for IIFCL is India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. is an Indian nationalised general insurance company. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. The headquarter of the company is located in New Delhi. It has 31 regional offices and more than 1800 active branches across the country. The company also has branches in Nepal, Kuwait, and Dubai. The company had recorded a gross premium of Rs. ₹7,282.54 crores in the financial year 2013-2014. For the Financial year 2016-17, the Company procured a global premium of ₹11,100 crores. The Company offers more than 170 General Insurance products. The IRDA Registration No. of the Company is "556".

INFO: Full form for SBK is Swachh Bharat Kosh in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for DRT is Debts Recovery Tribunal in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for UIIC is United India Insurance Company Limited in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority is the regulatory body under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance , Government of India for overall supervision and regulation of pension in India. The Government of India had, in the year 1999, commissioned a national project titled "OASIS" (an acronym for old age social & income security) to examine policy related to old age income security in India. Based on the recommendations of the OASIS report, Government of India introduced a new Defined Contribution Pension System for the new entrants to Central/State Government service, except to Armed Forces, replacing the existing system of Defined Benefit Pension System. On 23 August 2003, Interim Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority (PFRDA) was established through a resolution by the Government of India to promote, develop and regulate pension sector in India. The contributory pension system was notified by the Government of India on 22 December 2003, now named the National Pension System (NPS) with effect from 1 January 2004. The NPS was subsequently extended to all citizens of the country w.e.f. 1 May 2009 including self employed professionals and others in the unorganized sector on a voluntary basis.

The Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority Act was passed on 19 September 2013 and the same was notified on 1 February 2014. PFRDA is regulating NPS, subscribed by employees of Govt. of India, State Governments and by employees of private institutions/organizations & unorganized sectors. The PFRDA is ensuring the orderly growth and development of pension market.

Life Insurance Corporation of India (abbreviated as LIC) is an Indian statutory insurance and investment corporation. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

The Life insurance Corporation of India was established on 1 September 1956, when the Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act that nationalized the insurance industry in India. Over 245 insurance companies and provident societies were merged to create the state-owned Life Insurance Corporation of India.

As of 2019, Life Insurance Corporation of India had total life fund of ₹28.3 trillion. The total value of sold policies in the year 2018–19 is ₹21.4 million. Life Insurance Corporation of India settled 26 million claims in 2018–19. It has 290 million policy holders.

INFO: Full form for EDIFAR is Electronic Data Information Filing and Retrieval System in Indian Ministry of Finance category

The New India Assurance Co. Ltd., based in Mumbai, Maharashtra is a nationalised general insurance company. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance , Government of India. "It is the largest nationalised general insurance company of India on the basis of gross premium collection inclusive of foreign operations". It was founded by Sir Dorabji Tata in 1919, and was nationalized in 1973.

Previously, it was a subsidiary of the General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). But when GIC became a re-insurance company following the passage of the IRDA Act 1999, its four primary insurance subsidiaries New India Assurance, United India Insurance, Oriental Insurance and National Insurance became autonomous.

IFCI, previously Industrial Finance Corporation of India, is a development finance institution under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance, Government of India . Established in 1948 as a statutory corporation, IFCI is currently a company listed on BSE and NSE. IFCI has seven subsidiaries and one associate.

It provides financial support for the diversified growth of Industries across the spectrum. The financing activities cover various kinds of projects such as airports, roads, telecom, power, real estate, manufacturing, services sector and such other allied industries. During its 70 years of existence, mega-projects like Adani Mundra Ports, GMR Goa International Airport, Salasar Highways, NRSS Transmission, Raichur Power Corporation, among others, were set up with the financial assistance of IFCI.

The company has played a pivotal role in setting up various market intermediaries of repute in several niche areas like stock exchanges, entrepreneurship development organisations, consultancy organisations, educational and skill development institutes across the length and breadth of the country.

The Government of India has placed a Venture Capital Fund of Rs. 200 crore for Scheduled Castes (SC) with IFCI with an aim to promote entrepreneurship among the Scheduled Castes (SC) and to provide concessional finance. IFCI has also committed a contribution of Rs.50 crore as lead investor and Sponsor of the Fund. IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd., a subsidiary of IFCI Ltd., is the Investment Manager of the Fund. The Fund was operationalized during FY 2014-15 and IVCF is continuously making efforts for meeting the stated objective of the scheme.

Further, the Government of India designated IFCI as a nodal agency for the “Scheme of Credit Enhancement Guarantee for Scheduled Caste (SC) Entrepreneurs” in March, 2015, with the objective of encouraging entrepreneurship in the lower strata of society. Under the scheme, IFCI would provide guarantees to banks against loans to young and start-up entrepreneurs belonging to scheduled castes.

Until the establishment of ICICI in 1991, IFCI remained solely responsible for implementation of the government's industrial policy initiatives.

On 1 July 1993, it was reconstituted as a company to impart higher degree of operational flexibility. Because there was NPA increase and it was making loss then gov privatised it. IFCI was allowed to access the capital markets directly.

The National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) is an autonomous research institute under India's Ministry of Finance. Based in New Delhi, India, the centre conducts research on public finance and contributes to the process of policy-making relating to public finance. The NIPFP also works jointly with the Department of Economic Affairs at the Ministry of Finance to research the effects of past economic policy.

NIPFP is overseen by a governing board comprising a chairman and representatives from the Ministry of Finance, Planning Commission of India and Reserve Bank of India. Urjit Patel is the present chairman and Pinaki Chakravarty is the present director of the institute. The previous director was Rathin Roy and chairman was Vijay Kelkar.

National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) is an Indian nationalised general insurance company. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance , Government of India. Its catchline is "Trusted Since 1906" in italic. The company headquartered at Kolkata was established in 1906 by Gordhandas Dutia and Jeevan Das Dutia and National Insurance company and Asian Insurance company was nationalised in 1972. Its portfolio consists of a multitude of general insurance policies, offered to a wide arena of clients encompassing different sectors of the economy. Apart from being a leading insurance provider in India, NICL also serves Nepal.

INFO: Full form for NSI is National Savings Institute in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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The Indian Revenue Service (IAST: Bhāratīya Rājasva Sevā), often abbreviated as IRS, is the administrative revenue civil service under Group A of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India. It functions under the Department of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance and is under the administrative direction of the Revenue Secretary and the ministerial command of the Minister of Finance. The IRS is primarily responsible for collecting and administering direct and indirect taxes accruing to the Government of India.

The IRS comprises two branches, Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax) and Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes), controlled by two separate statutory bodies, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC). The duties of the IRS (IT) include among others, formulation of domestic direct tax policy (through the Tax Policy and Legislation Section), formulation of international tax policy (through the Foreign Tax and Tax Research Division), handling policy matters in respect of investigation of tax evasion (through the Investigation Section), updating, resolving and maintaining the relevant laws (through the ITA Division), administering the direct tax policy (through its field offices across the country), and administering all the associated administrative functions pertaining to direct taxes. The duties of the IRS (C&IT) include formulation and enforcement of policy concerning the Goods and Services Tax, prevention of smuggling, and administration of matters related to Customs and Narcotics.

In the 2017-18 financial year (i.e. 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2018), the IRS (IT) received 5,87,13,458 returns and collected direct taxes amounting to ₹11.37 Lakh Crores, equivalent to ₹11,370 Billions, spending ₹6 (equivalent to ₹8.00 or 11¢ US in 2020) for every ₹1,000 (equivalent to ₹1,300 or US$17 in 2020) it collected. The relative contribution of direct tax to the overall tax collection of the Central Government has risen from about 36% to 56% over the period of 2000–01 to 2013–14. The contribution of direct tax-to-GDP has doubled (from about 3% to 6%) during the same period.

INFO: Full form for SCORES is Sebi COmplaints and REdress System in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY, transl. Prime Minister's People's Wealth Scheme) is a financial inclusion program of the Government of India open to Indian citizens (minors of age 10 and older can also open an account with a guardian to manage it), that aims to expand affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts, remittances, credit, insurance and pensions. This financial inclusion campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 28 August 2014. He had announced this scheme on his first Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014.

Run by Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, under this scheme 15 million bank accounts were opened on inauguration day. The Guinness Book of World Records recognized this achievement, stating: "The most bank accounts opened in one week as a part of the financial inclusion campaign is 18,096,130 and was achieved by the Government of India from August 23 to 29, 2014". By 27 June 2018, over 318 million bank accounts were opened and over ₹792 billion (US$12 billion) were deposited under the scheme.

The Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) is an independent banking industry watchdog that protects consumers of banking services in India. The board oversee compliance with the "Code of Bank's Commitment to Customers". It is not a compensation mechanism and looks into an individual complaint only to the extent it points to any systemic compliance failure. It is an independent and autonomous body, registered as a separate society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on 18 February 2006. The Reserve Bank of India extended financial support to the Board, meeting its expenses for the first five years.

INFO: Full form for CAB is College of Agricultural Banking in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for RRB is Regional Rural Banks in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR) is an advanced research and educational institution in Mumbai. India. The Institute's mission is to carry out research on developmental issues from a multi-disciplinary point of view. This includes economics, energy and environmental policy.

The institute offers Ph.D. programmes in Development Studies and also a Master of Science programme in Economics. The institute has one of the largest Social Sciences libraries in Asia.

INFO: Full form for AFCL is Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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Taxes in India are levied by the Central Government and the State Governments by virtue of powers conferred to them from Constitution of India. Some minor taxes are also levied by the local authorities such as the Municipality.

The authority to levy a tax is derived from the Constitution of India which allocates the power to levy various taxes between the Center and the States. An important restriction on this power is Article 265 of the Constitution which states that "No tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law". Therefore, each tax levied or collected has to be backed by an accompanying law, passed either by the Parliament or the State Legislature. Nonetheless, tax evasion is a massive problem in India, ultimately catalyzing various negative effects on the country. In 2019–20, the Direct tax collections reported by CBDT were approximately INR 12.33 trillion.

The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) is the nodal national agency responsible for administering Customs, GST, Central Excise, Service Tax & Narcotics in India. The Customs & Central Excise department was established in the year 1855 by the then British Governor General of India, to administer customs laws in India and collection of import duties/land revenue. It is one of the oldest government departments of India.

Currently the Customs and Central Excise/GST department comes under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. The agency is staffed by ministerial staff selected through Staff Selection Commission (SSC) conducted matric level, higher secondary level and combined graduate level exams and IRS officers through Civil Services Examination who start their careers as Assistant Commissioners/Directors in the field and within 20–25 years rise to the post of Chief Commissioners, with a few senior most officers who become Chairman/Members of CBIC/CESTAT/Settlement Commission.

The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI; Hindi: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय भुगतान निगम) is the specialised division of Reserve Bank of India which is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance, Government of India.It was created by RBI for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India.

INFO: Full form for NAFSCOB is National Federation of State Co-operative Banks Limited in Indian Ministry of Finance category

INFO: Full form for CBECDDM is Directorate of Data Management, Central Board of Excise and Customs in Indian Ministry of Finance category

INFO: Full form for DPPR is Directorate of Publicity and Public Relations in Indian Ministry of Finance category

The Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT) is an Indian quasi-judicial body that hears appeals against orders and decisions passed under the Customs Act, 1962 and Central Excise Act, 1944 as amended from time to time. It was constituted as Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal (CEGAT) under section 129 of Customs Act, 1962, as amended by section 50 and the Fifth Schedule of Finance (No. 2) Act, 1980. These amendments became effective from 11 October 1982 and the Tribunal was also constituted on the same date. Its initial mandate was under Customs Act, 1962, Central Excise Act, 1944 and Gold (Control) Act, 1968. Service tax was introduced by Chapter V of Finance Act, 1994 and this also was added to the jurisdiction of CEGAT. Accordingly, the name of the Tribunal was changed to Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT) by amending section 129 of the Customs Act, by section 119 of Finance Act, 2003, effective from 14 May 2003.

The Tribunal also has appellate jurisdiction in Anti Dumping matters and the Special Bench headed by the President, CESTAT, hears appeals against the orders passed by the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce.

According to Section 86, any assessment order passed by Commissioner of Central Excise under section 73 or Section 83A or orders of revision by Commissioner of Central Excise under Section 84 or orders of the Commissioner of Central Excise (Appeals) under Section 85 are appealable before the Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT) by any of the aggrieved parties i.e., assessee, Commissioner of Central Excise or the Board.

The Government had a law enacted in 1986, to create a Tribunal empowered like a High Court, called Customs and Excise Revenues Appellate Tribunal. Most powers of CESTAT were to be diverted to CERAT. This Act was not operationalised due to multiple difficulties including court cases, making an amendment necessary. This Act was later repealed by Customs and Central Excise Laws (Repeal) Act, 2004.

The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is an Indian intelligence agency. It is India's apex anti-smuggling intelligence, investigations and operations agency.

The Directorate is run by officers from the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) who are posted in its various Zonal Units as well as in Indian embassies abroad as part of the Customs Overseas Intelligence Network. It is headed by a Director General of the rank of Special Secretary to the Government of India. The Agency works to secure India's national and economic security by preventing the outright smuggling of contraband such as firearms, gold, narcotics, Fake Indian Currency notes, antiques, wildlife and environmental products. Moreover, it also works to prevent the proliferation of black money, trade based money laundering and commercial frauds.

INFO: Full form for ICES is Indian Customs Electronic Data Interchange System in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for INGAF is Institute of Government Accounts and Finance in Indian Ministry of Finance category

The Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS) (now called Public Finance Management System or PFMS) is a Government of India public financial management reforms initiative which monitors programs in the social sector and tracks funds disbursed. Given the large number programs on which the money is spent, the CPSMS is an initiative by the Indian Central Government to ensure that the money is spent according to its intended purpose, and provide an accounting of same.

INFO: Full form for iCISA is International Centre for Information Systems and Audit in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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INFO: Full form for ACES is Automation Of Central Excise and Service Tax in Indian Ministry of Finance category
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