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Samajwadi Party (abbr. SP; translation: Socialist Party, founded 4 October 1992) is a political party in India, headquartered in New Delhi. Although it contests elections in several states, its main base is in Uttar Pradesh, where it is currently the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. It currently holds 5 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Shiv Sena (IAST: Śiva Sēnā) (lit. 'Army of Shivaji'), is a right-wing Marathi regionalist and ultranationalist political party in India founded in 1966 by cartoonist Bal Thackeray. Originally emerging from nativist movements in Bombay (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants from other parts of India. Its election symbol for Maharashtra is Bow and Arrow. Uddhav Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and serves as the current Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Although the party's primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda, and aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The party started taking part in Mumbai (BMC) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra assembly elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance during 1998–2019, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the Narendra Modi Government during 2014–2019. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner BJP and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra.

The party has a powerful hold over the Bollywood film industry. It has been referred to as an "extremist", "chauvinist", as well as a "fascist party". Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot, and violence in the 1992–1993 Bombay riots.

The party draws its strength from the support of the Maratha and Kunbi communities of Maharashtra which the Sena drew away from the Congress party.

Sikkim Krantikari Morcha (translation: Sikkim Revolutionary Front) is a political party in the Indian state of Sikkim which was the ruling party of Sikkim in 2020.

P.S. Golay, a former member of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly, was one of the prominent figures of the Sikkim Democratic Front (SDF), and was a minister in the government of Sikkim. Since December 2009 he has been a vocal critic of Pawan Kumar Chamling, the President of the SDF and the former chief minister of Sikkim. He started the party Sikkim Krantikari Morcha on 4 February 2013. Golay became the Chief Minister of Sikkim on 28 May 2019, thus ending the 25-year-rule of Chamling.

The Indian National Congress (often called the Congress Party or simply Congress, abbr. INC) is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.

Congress today is one of the two major political parties in India, along with its main rival the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is a "big tent" party whose platform is generally considered in the centre to centre-left, in its ideological orientation, of Indian politics. On social issues, it advocates secular policies that encourage equal opportunity, right to health, civil liberty and welfare of weaker sections and minorities, with support for a mixed economy. As of 2021, in the 17 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times, heading the central government for more than 54 years. There have been six Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014).

In 1969 a split occurred within the Congress party. Indira Gandhi in order to demonstrate her support amongst the people, created her own faction, the Congress (R); while the other group was the Congress (O). In the 1971 general election, Congress (R) had secured an overwhelming majority winning 352 out of 518 seats in the Lok Sabha. In the elections to five state assemblies too, the Congress (R) performed well. However, 1977 general election resulted in a heavy defeat for the Congress (R). Indira Gandhi left the Congress (R) in 1978, to form her own Congress (I) faction which eventually was declared the rightful Indian National Congress by the Indian election commission in 1981.

The Congress party won the 2004 general elections and returned to power after a record eight years out of office. The Congress-led coalition known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh formed a government. Subsequently, the UPA again formed the government after winning 2009 general elections with strong result in Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Singh became the first Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. However, in the 2014 general election, UPA suffered heavy defeat winning only 55 seats of the 543-member Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India). As of June 2021, the party with its alliances is in power in six legislative assemblies.

A total of 61 people have served as the president of the INC since its formation. Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the party, having held the office for over twenty years from 1998 to 2017 and since 2019. The district party is the smallest functional unit of the Congress. There is also a Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), present at the state-level in every state. Together, the delegates from the districts and PCCs form the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The party is also organized into several committees, and sections.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (pronounced [bʱɑːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪ɑː pɑːrtiː] (listen); English: Indian People's Party; abbr. BJP) is one of two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. It has been the ruling political party of the Republic of India since 2014. The BJP is a right-wing party, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions. It has close ideological and organisational links to the much older Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). As of 2020, it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is by far the world's largest party in terms of primary membership, with the second largest party, the Communist Party of China, having about half the registered members of the BJP.

The BJP's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. After the State of Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government lasted only 13 days.

After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition party. Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that election, Modi has led the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of February 2019, the alliance governs 18 states.

The official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions. The BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Its key issues have included the abrogation of the special status to Jammu and Kashmir, the building of a Ram Temple in Ayodhya and the implementation of a uniform civil code. However, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues. It instead focused on a largely liberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare. During BJP's rule, India experienced significant democratic backsliding.

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbr. CPI(M)) is a communist political party in India. It is one of the national parties of India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964.

As of 2021, CPI(M) is leading the state government in Kerala and has representation in the following Legislative assemblies in the states of Tripura, Assam, Rajasthan, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The Politburo is the supreme authority of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, in between two party congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision making body.

The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India and one of the eight national parties in the country. The CPI was founded in Kanpur on 26 December 1925.

Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MGP) was Goa's first ruling party after the end of Portuguese colonial rule in 1961. In the first elections held after India took over the former Portuguese colony, it ascended to power in December 1963 and stayed on, till being ousted from power by defections in early 1979.

The party has its base amongst non-Brahmin Hindus, a group that make up a large section of the poorer half of the Goan society, and was particularly deprived during Portuguese rule in Goa. It held on to power despite being affected by some defections, for much of the first two decades of post-Portuguese Goa, defeating the other contenders for power—primarily the United Goans Party not to be confused with the United Goans Democratic Party, founded in the 1990s first, and later the Congress.

During the first 18 years after integration with independent India, MGP led the state government. Today, however, the MGP is marginalized when compared to its former status. The Bharatiya Janata Party, particularly during its reign between 1999 and 2005, was showing increasing signs of having taken over most of the Hindu voters, and a large chunk of the party cadre.

Deepak Dhavalikar is the president of the party and Pratap Fadte is the general secretary.

Kerala Congress (M) is a state-level political party in the Indian state of Kerala, currently led by chairman Jose K. Mani. It was formed by K. M. Mani in 1979, after a split from the Kerala Congress. They are part of the Left Democratic Front since October 2020.

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (lit. Jharkhand Liberation Front; abbr. JMM) is a State political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand which was founded by Binod Bihari Mahato. It has one seat in the 17th Lok Sabha. Shibu Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring of states. Its election symbol for Jharkhand is Bow and Arrow.

The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.

The Lok Janshakti Party (abbr. LJP, “People’s Manpower Party”) is a state political party mainly based in the state of Bihar, India. The party was formed in 2000 when Ram Vilas Paswan split from Janata Dal (United). The party has a considerable following amongst Dalits in Bihar. As of June 2021, Pashupati Kumar Paras is the national president of the party. The party is a member of the National Democratic Alliance. The Party is factioned into two parties Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) and Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party.

The Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Navanirmāṇa Sēnā) (translation: Maharashtra Reformation Army; abbr. MNS) is a Regionalist far-right Indian political party based in the state of Maharashtra and operates on the ideology of "Maratha Manus". It was founded on 9 March 2006 in Mumbai by Raj Thackeray after he left the Shiv Sena party due to differences with his cousin Uddhav Thackeray, who is the 19th Chief Minister Of Maharashtra and to his sidelining by the Shiv Sena in major decisions like distribution of election tickets.

MNS won 13 assembly seats (out of 288) in the 2009 assembly elections, which was the first Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election that the party contested. In the most recent elections of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2019, MNS won only 1 seat.In January 2020, MNS unveiled a new flag, however the symbol on the flag was not used for elections.

Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) (JVM (P)) (translation: Jharkhand Development Front (Democratic)) was a state political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand which was founded by former Union Minister and First Chief Minister of Jharkhand, Babulal Marandi.

Manipur State Congress Party (MSCP) is a former political party in the Indian state of Manipur. The party was founded in 1997 by Wahengbam Nipamacha as a split from the Indian National Congress (INC). In 2014 the MCSP remerged with the INC.

The Mizo National Front (abbreviated MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. MNF emerged from the Mizo National Famine Front, which was formed by Pu Laldenga to protest against the inaction of the Indian central government towards the famine situation in the Mizo areas of the Assam state in 1959. It staged a major uprising in 1966, followed by years of underground activities. In 1986, it signed the Mizoram Accord with the Government of India, renouncing secession and violence. The MNF then began contesting elections and has formed state government in Mizoram three times.

In 2018 state assembly elections, it has emerged as largest political party and won 26 seats, with its president Zoramthanga as the Chief Minister of Mizoram.

Rashtriya Lok Samta Party (abbreviated as RLSP; translation: National People's Equity Party) was a political party in India led by Upendra Kushwaha. It was launched on 3 March 2013 and is based in the state of Bihar. The party was formed in opposition to Nitish Kumar and his Janata Dal (United). It has faced multiple rebellions and desertions since 2015. On 14 March 2021 , Upendra Kushwaha has merged RLSP with JDU.

The Rashtriya Janata Dal (abbreviated as RJD; translation: National People's Party) is an Indian political party, based in the state of Bihar and Jharkhand. The party was founded in 1997 by Lalu Prasad Yadav.

The mass base of the party has traditionally been Other Backward Class, Dalits and Muslims and the party is considered as champion of cause of lower caste politics. In 2008, RJD received the status of recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states. RJD was derecognised as a national party on 30 July 2010.

Paattali Makkal Katchi (English: Working people's party, abbreviated in English as PMK) is a political party in Tamil Nadu, India, founded by S. Ramadoss in 1989 as a political outfit for the Vanniyars (OBC), the dominant caste in northern Tamil Nadu. It is currently part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). It contests the elections with the 'Ripe Mango' symbol.

Revolutionary Socialist Party may refer to:

The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) (translation: Supreme Akali Party) is a centre-right Sikh-centric state political party in Punjab, India. The party is the second-oldest in India, after Congress, being founded in 1920. Although, there are many parties with the name Akali Dal but the party recognised as "Shiromani Akali Dal" by the Election Commission of India is the one led by Sukhbir Singh Badal. It controls Sikh religious bodies Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee and is the largest and most influential Sikh political party worldwide. The basic philosophy of Akali Dal was to give a political voice to Sikh issues and it believed that religion and politics go hand in hand but after 1996 the Moga Conference party adopted a moderate Punjabi secular agenda. On 26 September 2020, they left the NDA over the farms bill.

Rashtriya Lok Dal (abbreviated as RLD) (translation: National People's Party) is a political party in India founded by Chaudhary Ajit Singh. He was carrying on the political legacy of his father and former Prime Minister of India, Chaudhary Charan Singh and the original Lok Dal. Chaudhary Ajit Singh was infected with Covid-19 and died during treatment at Medanta Hospital, Gurgaon.