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A State Agricultural Farm (Polish: Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne, PGR) was a form of collective farming in the People's Republic of Poland, similar to Soviet sovkhoz and to the East German Volkseigenes Gut.

They were created in 1949 as a form of socialist ownership of agricultural land by the government. They were primarily formed on the Regained Territories - lands that Poland acquired from Germany after the Second World War - but existed throughout Poland. Some farms took over farms of monasteries, e.g. in Szczyrzyc, see the picture. Relatively inefficient and subsidized by the government, most PGRs went bankrupt quickly after the fall of communism and adoption of a market economy by Poland.

The state ran many specialised farms, which bred and trained horses (especially Arabians, e.g. Bask), bred cows, fishes, produced certified seed and potatoes. Some of the farms were state ones before the World War II. Many of the specialised farms still exist, controlled by the Agricultural Property Agency.

Farms were created primarily on the basis of the earlier estates. Many of these households were founded on the Regained Territories. Low efficiency of work and extensive social benefits for workers in many cases led to disastrous management with low productivity, causing state deficit.

After moving to the market economy under the Act of October 19, 1991 on agricultural property of the Treasury collective farms were liquidated and their assets were taken over by the Agricultural Property Agency of the Treasury (now Agricultural Property Agency), and their workers - 300 to 450 thousand people - joined the ranks of the unemployed. Households that have not been sold or leased were administered by the Agency of the State Treasury and managed by administrators appointed by the Agency. Then sought to sell or lease property holdings and the accompanying holdings, such as apartments, holiday resorts, etc. The social base has also been a sale of land to individual farmers. The weakest part of the land remained undeveloped for several years. The process of selling and leasing land societies and social services continues.

Liquidation of state-owned farms has often been restricted, or permanent abandonment of animal husbandry, crop production limitation, changes in farming methods. This led to a drastic reduction of jobs and the resulting wide range of local problems; in many regions, PGR were the only employer, the new owners after restructuring usually significantly reduced the employment. State-owned farms were very often the organizers of social life, and theoretically adequately met all the needs of workers. Their downfall has often caused damage to the structure of the local communities, which were not adapted to the new situation of economic activity. It has also devastated the property - partly as a result of theft, partly because of the lack of elementary security.

On 22 July 2008 in Bolegorzyn, near Złocieniec a museum of the State Farms was opened.

INFO: Full form for PCV is Paiement Contre Vérification Or Percevoir in International category
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INFO: Full form for ORH is Organizacion Rescate Humboldt in International category
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INFO: Full form for PCU is Pueblo Canario Unido in International category
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INFO: Full form for PBH is Pemberantasan Buta Huruf in International category
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INFO: Full form for SSW is SüdSüdWest in International category
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INFO: Full form for SUJ is Sujeto in International category
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INFO: Full form for SPz is Schützenpanzer in International category
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INFO: Full form for SQN is Super Quadra Norte in International category
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INFO: Full form for SQN is Só Que Não in International category
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INFO: Full form for SRI is Service des Relations Internationales in International category
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INFO: Full form for SRI is Sponsorship Research International in International category
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INFO: Full form for SOG is SOnntag Genannt in International category
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INFO: Full form for SOG is Sindicato de Obreros Gallegos in International category
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INFO: Full form for SNU is Système des Nations Unies in International category
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INFO: Full form for SVV is Si Vales Valeo in International category
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INFO: Full form for TEK is Teknoloji in International category
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INFO: Full form for TEK is TüRkiye Elektrik Kurumu in International category
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The English Gentleman (1978) is a humorous book written by Douglas Sutherland and illustrated by Timothy Jacques, with an introduction by Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk. The book acts as a satirical guide to the life of an English gentleman in various contexts, featuring such chapters as "The Gentleman at Play", "The Gentleman at War", and "The Gentleman and the Opposite Sex".

The foreword for The English Gentleman states,

Ever since the nineteenth century and long before that for all I know, there has been a regular stream of little books designed to help those who desire to be part of the upper classes. In the past these books have been written by men and women, largely for women, and concerned with such profundities as how to address a Duke or an Archbishop, or what to do with your fingerbowl. It has always been assumed that the most desirable position in the world is to be accepted as a lady or gentleman. It was assumed by many from Jane Austen to Daphne du Maurier that it is the surest way to happiness and possibly even to eternal salvation. This book, I hope, is different in that it is the first one to be written by a man, almost exclusively for men. It examines what makes or breaks the gentleman and leaves it to the reader to decide whether he wishes to be part of the upper classes or not. It is also hoped that this volume will be helpful to ladies who wish to be able to recognize the gentleman when they meet one, and to let them know what they are in for should they be reckless enough to marry one. — D.S.

Each of the fourteen chapters gives tongue-in-cheek descriptions of the life of an English gentleman.

INFO: Full form for URG is Unión de Radioperiódicos de Guatemala in International category
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The Lokomotive (German for "locomotive") is a striking climbing rock north of Kurort Rathen in Saxon Switzerland in Germany. The rock, which resembles a steam locomotive in appearance, is also known as Große Ruine, is about 30 metres high and is divided into two parts: known as Lokomotive-Dom ("Locomotive Dome") and Lokomotive-Esse ("Locomotive Chimney"). The ridge between the two is called the Kesselgrat ("Boiler Ridge"), the rock teeth next to the Esse as Pfeife ("Whistle"). For a short time there was a weather vane on the dome in the shape of a wheel. The Lokomotive rises on the massif of the Honigsteine.

The Dome of the Lokomotive was first climbed in 1886 by Friedrich Hartmann and Robert Kappmeier. In the history of free climbing in Saxon Switzerland the climb of the Esse on 7 June 1903 by Albert Kunze and Oliver Perry-Smith was the first ascent of the Esse and the first step in climbing the open face. Until then climbers had focussed on chimneys and crevices. The first ascent of the grade V Lokomotivüberfall climbing route on the Esse unleashed an intensive period of climbing in Saxon Switzerland that lasted until 1910, during which climbers like Kunze, Perry-Smith and Rudolf Fehrmann made the first ascent of many important climbing peaks, like the Barbarine, the Große Herkulessäule, the Jungfer or the Teufelsturm.

INFO: Full form for LKK is Latin King Killer in International category
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The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario, MNR) was a Honduran political party. It was formed when moderate members of the National Party of Honduras (Partido Nacional de Honduras, PNH) split from the party after Tiburcio Carías Andino secured the PNH nomination for the 1954 Honduras presidential election. The MNR nominee for president that year was former vice president Abraham Williams Calderón; he received approximately 53,000 of 260,000 votes.

Misr International University (MIU) (Arabic: جامعة مصر الدولية‎) is an undergraduate private university located in Ismailia-Desert road in Qalyubiyya Governorate. Established in 1996, in Maadi, The University changed its location to km 28 Cairo-Ismailia Road. Prof. Mohamed Shebl El komy is the university president.

INFO: Full form for MIU is Milli international units in International category
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