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INFO: Full form for ASTC is Associate Specialist Training Committee in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CMSR is Certified Medical Staff Recruiter in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for ARRI is Albironi Reconstruction Rehabilitation Institute in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CHBS is Community Health Behavioral Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CLRC is Clinical Learning and Research Center in Medical category
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The Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) was a UK government body that carried out civil research in science and engineering.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease that is preventable and treatable. COPD is characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and a cough which may or may not produce mucus. COPD progressively worsens with everyday activities such as walking or dressing becoming difficult.

The two most common conditions of COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and they have been the two classic COPD phenotypes. Emphysema is defined as enlarged airspaces (alveoli) whose walls break down resulting in permanent damage to the lung tissue. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years. Both of these conditions can exist without airflow limitation when they are not classed as COPD. Emphysema is just one of the structural abnormalities that can limit airflow and can exist without airflow limitation in a significant number of people. Chronic bronchitis does not always result in airflow limitation but in young adults who smoke the risk of developing COPD is high. Many definitions of COPD in the past included emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, but these have never been included in GOLD report definitions. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis remain the predominant phenotypes of COPD but there is often overlap between them, and a number of other phenotypes have also been described.

The most common cause of COPD is tobacco smoking. Other risk factors include indoor and outdoor pollution, exposure to occupational irritant substances such as dust from grains, and cadmium dust or fumes, and genetics. In developing countries, common sources of indoor air pollution are the use of coal, and biomass such as wood and dry dung as fuel for cooking and heating. Most people living in European cities are exposed to damaging levels of air pollution. The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by spirometry.

Most cases of COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors such as smoking and indoor and outdoor pollutants. While treatment can slow worsening, there is no conclusive evidence that any medications can change the long-term decline in lung function. COPD treatments include smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation, inhaled bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction, and lung transplantation. In those who have periods of acute worsening, increased use of medications, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and hospitalization may be needed.

As of 2015, COPD affected about 174.5 million people (2.4% of the global population). It typically occurs in males and females over the age of 35–40. In 2019 it caused 3.2 million deaths, 80% occurring in lower and middle income countries, up from 2.4 million deaths in 1990. The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of continued exposure to risk factors and an aging population. In the US in 2010 the economic cost was put at 32.1 billion US dollars, and projected to rise to 49 billion dollars in 2020. In the UK this cost is estimated at £3.8 billion annually.

INFO: Full form for CLRD is Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WHP is Wellness and Health Promotion in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for FSRT is Fractionated Stereotactic Radiation Therapy in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for FPOA is Fire Prevention Officers Association in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for HIIP is Hospital Intensive Insulin Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for HIIP is Health Information and Intelligence Platform in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WHPS is Wellness Health Promotion Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WHPS is Washington Health Professional Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CLCD is Cleidocranial Dysplasia in Medical category
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Cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD), also called cleidocranial dysplasia, is a birth defect that mostly affects the bones and teeth. The collarbones are typically either poorly developed or absent, which allows the shoulders to be brought close together. The front of the skull often does not close until later, and those affected are often shorter than average. Other symptoms may include a prominent forehead, wide set eyes, abnormal teeth, and a flat nose. Symptoms vary among people; however, intelligence is typically unaffected.

The condition is either inherited from a person's parents or occurs as a new mutation. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is due to a defect in the RUNX2 gene which is involved in bone formation. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and X-rays with confirmation by genetic testing. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include mandibuloacral dysplasia, pyknodysostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.

Treatment includes supportive measures such as a device to protect the skull and dental care. Surgery may be performed to fix certain bone abnormalities. Life expectancy is generally normal.

It affects about one per million people. Males and females are equally commonly affected. Modern descriptions of the condition date to at least 1896. The term is from cleido meaning collarbone, cranial from the Greek κρανιὀς meaning skull, and dysostosis meaning formation of abnormal bone.

INFO: Full form for HIIP is Health Infrastructure Investment Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for HIIP is Health Information Infrastructure Plan in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for FPOA is Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RACE is Rally Against Cancer Expenses in Medical category
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Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA copies (see RT-PCR). The amplified cDNA copies are then sequenced and, if long enough, should map to a unique genomic region. RACE is commonly followed up by cloning before sequencing of what was originally individual RNA molecules. A more high-throughput alternative which is useful for identification of novel transcript structures, is to sequence the RACE-products by next generation sequencing technologies.

INFO: Full form for RACE is Rescue Alarm Confine Englewoodhospital in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for FTS is First Trimester Screening in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for FTS is Fast Track Surgery in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHNL is Public Health Nursing Leadership in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHNL is Public Health Nurse Leader in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Brompton and Harefield Infection Score in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Biomedical and Health Information Sciences in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Behavioral Health Intervention Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Brompton Harefield Infection Score in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Behavior Health Intervention Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for BHIS is Behavioral Health Information System in Medical category
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Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering social neuroscience published by Oxford University Press. Its focus is on empirical research reports. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.662.

INFO: Full form for SCAN is Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for SCAN is Sequence Comparison ANalysis Program in Medical category
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SCAN or Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry is a set of tools created by WHO aimed at diagnosing and measuring mental illness that may occur in adult life. It is not constructed explicitly for use with either ICD-10 or DSM-IV but can be used for both systems. The SCAN system was originally called PSE, or Present State Examination, but since version 10 (PSE-10), the commonly accepted name has been SCAN. The current version of SCAN is 2.1.

INFO: Full form for VSO is Voluntary Sector Option in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VSO is Voluntary Sector Option (New Deal)or Voluntary Service Overseas in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VSO is Voluntary Sector Organisation in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VSO is Voluntary Service Organisation in Medical category
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Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) is a not-for-profit international development organization charity with a vision for "a fair world for everyone" and a mission to "create lasting change through volunteering". VSO delivers development impact through a blended volunteer model consisting of international, national, and community volunteers working together to develop the systems and conditions for positive social change In 2018–19, VSO worked in 23 countries in Africa and Asia

VSO currently works in the following core programme areas:

And through three core approaches that are relevant to all the areas:

In addition, VSO has a youth focus in which young people are both the beneficiaries of social change outcomes as well as the primary actors in creating the change.

INFO: Full form for STSS is Short Term Support Services in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for STSS is Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for STSS is Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CCAP is Center for Child and Adult Psychiatry in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CCAP is Cervical Cancer Awareness Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for CCAP is Certified Clinical Aromatherapy Practitioner in Medical category
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