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INFO: Full form for MIU is Michigan Institute of Urology in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MLZ is Moore Laboratory of Zoology in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MHH is Mental Health Helpers in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NOG is Number Of Genes in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NGB is New Genome Browser in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NRD is Nucleus Raphe Dorsalis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NKD is No known disease in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NBH is Neuroscience Behavior and Health in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NBH is Neonatal brain hemorrhage in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NGZ is Negative Grey Zone in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for NDU is Nursing Development Unit in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PNO is Peri- Natal Quality register in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Pediatric Healthcare Associates in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Periodic Health Assessment in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Purdue Healthcare Advisors in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Population Health Alliance in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Personal Health Assessment in Medical category
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Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. These proteins cause blood cells to clump together. PHA-E cause erythrocytes (red blood cells) to clump. PHA-L causes leukocytes (white blood cells) to clump. Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containinggalactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose.

It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans and white kidney beans (also known as cannellini), and it is also found in lower quantities in many other types of green beans and other common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as broad beans (Vicia faba) such as fava beans. It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses, it is a toxin.

The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces mitosis, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types.

As a toxin, it can cause poisoning in monogastric animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared kidney beans. Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau), a raw red kidney bean may contain up to 70,000 hau. This can be reduced to safe levels by correct cooking by boiling unsoaked beans for at least 30 minutes, presoaked beans for 15 minutes, 2 hours at 80 °C (176 °F), or 45 minutes pressure cooked at 15 psi. Insufficient cooking, such as in a slow cooker at 75 °C/ 167 °F, may not completely destroy the toxins.Beans also contain alpha amylase inhibitor, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after consumption of beans.

Poisoning can be induced from as few as five raw beans, and symptoms occur within three hours, beginning with nausea, then vomiting, which can be severe and sustained (profuse), followed by diarrhea. Recovery occurs within four or five hours of onset, usually without the need for any medical intervention.

In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a mitogen to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent HIV-1 from human peripheral lymphocytes. In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that uses the protein product phytohaemagglutinin PHA-L as a molecular tracer that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell thereby tracing the path of axonal projections and relative connections that nerve impulses travel beginning with the source located at the perikaryon (cell body or soma) and through the presynaptic part located on neuron's efferent axon all the way to the point of termination at the efferent synapse which then provides input to another neuron.

Lymphocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin can be used for karyotype analysis. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin presents a classic model of transition of cells from the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle into G1-, and subsequently progression through S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.

Post-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis. This can be achieved by giving individuals a suggestion during hypnosis to forget certain material that they have learned either before or during hypnosis. Individuals who are experiencing post-hypnotic amnesia cannot have their memories recovered once put back under hypnosis and is therefore not state dependent. Nevertheless, memories may return when presented with a pre-arranged cue. This makes post-hypnotic amnesia similar to psychogenic amnesia as it disrupts the retrieval process of memory. It has been suggested that inconsistencies in methodologies used to study post-hypnotic amnesia cause varying results.

Primary aldosteronism (PA), also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome, refers to the excess production of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands, resulting in low renin levels and high blood pressure. This abnormality is caused by hyperplasia or tumors. Many suffer from fatigue, potassium deficiency and high blood pressure which may cause poor vision, confusion or headaches. Symptoms may also include: muscular aches and weakness, muscle spasms, low back and flank pain from the kidneys, trembling, tingling sensations, dizziness/vertigo, nocturia and excessive urination. Complications include cardiovascular disease such as stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney failure and abnormal heart rhythms.

Primary hyperaldosteronism has a number of causes. About 33% of cases are due to an adrenal adenoma that produces aldosterone, and 66% of cases are due to an enlargement of both adrenal glands. Other uncommon causes include adrenal cancer and an inherited disorder called familial hyperaldosteronism. Some recommend screening people with high blood pressure who are at increased risk, while others recommend screening all people with high blood pressure for the disease. Screening is usually done by measuring the aldosterone-to-renin ratio in the blood (ARR) whilst off interfering medications and a serum potassium over 4, with further testing used to confirm positive results. While low blood potassium is classically described in primary hyperaldosteronism, this is only present in about a quarter of people. To determine the underlying cause, medical imaging is carried out.

Some cases may be cured by removing the adenoma by surgery after localization with adrenal venous sampling (AVS). A single adrenal gland may also be removed in cases where only one is enlarged. In cases due to enlargement of both glands, treatment is typically with medications known as aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone or eplerenone. Other medications for high blood pressure and a low salt diet, e.g. DASH diet, may also be needed. Some people with familial hyperaldosteronism may be treated with the steroid dexamethasone.

Primary aldosteronism is present in about 10% of people with high blood pressure. It occurs more often in women than men. Often, it begins in those between 30 and 50 years of age. Conn's syndrome is named after Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994), an American endocrinologist who first described adenomas as a cause of the condition in 1955.

Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a condition that mimics hypoaldosteronism. However, the condition is due to a failure of response to aldosterone, and levels of aldosterone are actually elevated, due to a lack of feedback inhibition.

INFO: Full form for PHA is Passive Haemagglutination Assay in Medical category
PHA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for PHA is Pelger-Hüet anomaly in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PHA is Posterior Hypothalamic Area in Medical category
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Public Health Agency may refer to:

INFO: Full form for PHA is Public Health Alliance (incorporated into UKPHA) in Medical category
PHA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.