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INFO: Full form for PVA is Periventricular Area in Medical category
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an abnormal narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain. When narrowing occurs in the heart, it is called coronary artery disease, and in the brain, it is called cerebrovascular disease. Peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the legs, but other arteries may also be involved – such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys. The classic symptom is leg pain when walking which resolves with rest, known as intermittent claudication. Other symptoms include skin ulcers, bluish skin, cold skin, or abnormal nail and hair growth in the affected leg. Complications may include an infection or tissue death which may require amputation; coronary artery disease, or stroke. Up to 50% of people with PAD do not have symptoms.

The greatest risk factor for PAD is cigarette smoking. Other risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney problems, and high blood cholesterol. The most common underlying mechanism of peripheral artery disease is atherosclerosis, especially in individuals over 40 years old. Other mechanisms include artery spasm, blood clots, trauma, fibromuscular dysplasia, and vasculitis. PAD is typically diagnosed by finding an ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 0.90, which is the systolic blood pressure at the ankle divided by the systolic blood pressure of the arm. Duplex ultrasonography and angiography may also be used. Angiography is more accurate and allows for treatment at the same time; however, it is associated with greater risks.

It is unclear if screening for peripheral artery disease in people without symptoms is useful as it has not been properly studied. In those with intermittent claudication from PAD, stopping smoking and supervised exercise therapy improve outcomes. Medications, including statins, ACE inhibitors, and cilostazol may also help. Aspirin does not appear to help those with mild disease but is usually recommended in those with more significant disease due to the increased risk of heart attacks. Anticoagulants such as warfarin are not typically of benefit. Procedures used to treat the disease include bypass grafting, angioplasty, and atherectomy.

In 2015, about 155 million people had PAD worldwide. It becomes more common with age. In the developed world, it affects about 5.3% of 45- to 50-year-olds and 18.6% of 85- to 90-year-olds. In the developing world, it affects 4.6% of people between the ages of 45 and 50 and 15% of people between the ages of 85 and 90. PAD in the developed world is equally common among men and women, though in the developing world, women are more commonly affected. In 2015 PAD resulted in about 52,500 deaths, which is an increase from the 16,000 deaths in 1990.

INFO: Full form for PVA is PolyVinyl Alcohol in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PVA is Patient Visit Average in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OPU is Ovum Pick-Up in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OSB is Oral Systemic Balance in Medical category
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The John Radcliffe Hospital (informally known as the JR) is a large tertiary teaching hospital in Oxford, England. It forms part of the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is named after John Radcliffe, an 18th-century physician and Oxford University graduate, who endowed the Radcliffe Infirmary, the main hospital for Oxford from 1770 until 2007.

It is the main teaching hospital for Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University, and incorporates the Oxford University Medical School.

INFO: Full form for OBL is OBLique in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OBL is Overdose Brings Life in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for OBL is Outpatient Based Laboratory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MNB is Medicare News Brief in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for MEK is Methyl Ethyl Keytone in Medical category
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A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase). MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.

MAP kinases are found in eukaryotes only, but they are fairly diverse and encountered in all animals, fungi and plants, and even in an array of unicellular eukaryotes.

MAPKs belong to the CMGC (CDK/MAPK/GSK3/CLK) kinase group. The closest relatives of MAPKs are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

INFO: Full form for MPW is Medical Pathological Waste in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LVI is Local Veterinary Inspector in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LVI is Local Veterinary Inspectors in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LTO is Life Threatening Only in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LTB is Laryngotraceobronchitis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LEL is Large Extracellular Loop in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LEL is Lowest Effect Level in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LEM is Local Effect Model in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LEM is Lentinus Edodes Mycelia in Medical category
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In pathology, lymphoepithelial lesion refers to a discrete abnormality that consists of lymphoid cells and epithelium, which may or may not be benign.

It may refer to a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland or benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the lacrimal gland, or may refer to the infiltration of malignant lymphoid cells into epithelium, in the context of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma.

In the context of GI tract lymphoma, it is most often associated with MALT lymphomas.

INFO: Full form for LEL is Living Environments Laboratory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LLS is Large Laboratory System in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LLS is Leigh Like Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LLS is Long leg splint in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for LLS is Laboratory Leadership Service in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for IRE is Institute of Regulatory Excellence in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for IRE is Internal Rotation in Extension in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for ISG is Independent Scientific Group (advises government on the control of tuberculosis in cattle in the UK) in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for ISG is Institute for Systems Genomics in Medical category
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