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INFO: Full form for SPN is Student Practical Nurse in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RHE is Reproductive Health Externship Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for RHE is Religious Health Education in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WTR is Waist-to-Thigh Ratio in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PGS is Preimplantation Genetic Screening in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for PGS is Perfect Girl Syndrome in Medical category
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Physicians for Global Survival (PGS) is a physician peace-activist group that was formed in 1980 under the name Physicians for Social Responsibility. The group changed its name to the PGS in 1994. The current name of PGS is the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Canada (IPPNWC). The organization is the Canadian affiliate of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), a non-partisan federation of national medical organisations from multiple countries, as well as a partner organisation with the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).

Plant Genetic Systems (PGS), since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience, is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants.

Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

INFO: Full form for TLR is Target Lesion Revascularization in Medical category
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13, though the last three are not found in humans, and there isn't a functional gene for TLR10 in mice. TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles (because they are sensors of nucleic acids).

TLRs received their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the toll gene identified in Drosophila in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus.

INFO: Full form for YAC is Yeast Accentuated Chromosome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for YAC is Yeast Artificial Chromosomes in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for YAC is Young Adult Chrsyalis in Medical category
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Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. By inserting large fragments of DNA, from 100–1000 kb, the inserted sequences can be cloned and physically mapped using a process called chromosome walking. This is the process that was initially used for the Human Genome Project, however due to stability issues, YACs were abandoned for the use of Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC). Beginning with the initial research of the Rankin et al., Strul et al., and Hsaio et al., the inherently fragile chromosome was stabilized by discovering the necessary autonomously replicating sequence (ARS); a refined YAC utilizing this data was described in 1983 by Murray et al.

The primary components of a YAC are the ARS, centromere, and telomeres from S. cerevisiae. Additionally, selectable marker genes, such as antibiotic resistance and a visible marker, are utilized to select transformed yeast cells. Without these sequences, the chromosome will not be stable during extracellular replication, and would not be distinguishable from colonies without the vector.

INFO: Full form for TAD is Abdominal diameter Transverse in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TPQ is Three-dimensional Personality Questionnaire in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TPQ is Threshold Planning Quanity in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TPQ is Tox Poacher Quest in Medical category
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Trithorax-group proteins (TrxG) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins whose main action is to maintain gene expression. They can be categorized into three general classes based on molecular function:

plus other TrxG proteins not categorized in the first three classes.

INFO: Full form for TMO is Trainee Medical Officers in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMO is Treating Medical Officer in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for Tmo is Traffic malignancy! in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMO is Translational Medicine Ontology in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for STK is Spot Test Kit in Medical category
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Total mesorectal excision (TME) is a standard surgical technique for treatment of rectal cancer, first described in 1982 by Professor Bill Heald at the UK's Basingstoke District Hospital. It is a precise dissection of the mesorectal envelope comprising rectum containing the tumour together with all the surrounding fatty tissue and the sheet of tissue that contains lymph nodes and blood vessels. Dissection is along the avascular alveolar plane between the presacral and mesorectal fascia, described as holy plane (Heald's "holy plane"). Dissection along this plane facilitates a straightforward dissection and preserves the sacral vessels and hypogastric nerves and is a sphincter-sparing resection and decreases permanent stoma rates. It is possible to rejoin the two ends of the colon; however, most patients require a temporary ileostomy pouch to bypass the colon, allowing it to heal with less risk of infection, perforation or leakage.

TME has become the "gold standard" treatment for rectal cancer Worldwide. The operation can be done by open surgery, laparoscopic or Robot-assisted.

For lower down tumours in the middle and lower third of the rectum a new procedure has been developed known as Transanal-Total Mesorectal Excision (TaTME). Instead of the dissection via the abdomen TaTME combines an abdominal and transanal endoscopic approach (endoscopic instruments are inserted into the anus) allowing easier dissection of the most difficult part of the surgery deep down in the pelvis (particularly in male patients or patients with visceral obesity or a narrow pelvis). The perceived benefits of this technique may include ease of procedure due to better views, decreased operative time and reduced complications.

An occasional side effect of the operation is the formation and tangling of fibrous bands from near the site of the operation with other parts of the bowel. These can lead to bowel infarction if not operated on.

TME results in a lower recurrence rate than traditional approaches and a lower rate of permanent colostomy. Postoperative recuperation is somewhat increased over competing methods. When practiced with diligent attention to anatomy there is no evidence of increased risk of urinary incontinence or sexual dysfunction. However, there can be partial fecal incontinence and/or "clustering" – a series of urgent trips to the toilet separated by a few minutes, each trip producing only a very small yield.

Depending on the staging, size and location of the tumour, neoadjuvant radiotherapy often combined with chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumour prior to surgery and prevent further spread. Adjuvant chemotherapy may also be used post-surgery to prevent further disease spread

INFO: Full form for TME is Total Managed Expenditure in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TME is True Metabolisable Energy in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TME is Technician Medical Emergency in Medical category
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