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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Node Metastasis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Nodes and Metastases in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Nodes and Metastasis in Medical category
TNM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Nodes Metastasis in Medical category
TNM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Nodus and Metastasis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor Node Metastasispic in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor, Nodes, Metastases in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNM is Tumor, Node, and Metastasis (Staging System - Primary Tumor) in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TOB is Texas Optometry Board in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TKS is Takenouchi Kosaki Syndrome in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNP is Trauma Nursing Program in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNP is Texas Nurse Practitioners in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNP is Telephone Nursing Practitioner in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TNL is Translational Neuromodulation Laboratory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TRV is Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TBV is Total blood volume in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TGN is Thioguanine nucleotide in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VYS is Visceral Yolk Sac in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VYS is Valuing Your Sexuality in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WRA is Washington Radiology Associates in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WRA is Waste Regulation Authority (now part of the Environment Agency) in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VSG is Vena Saphena Graft in Medical category
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Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is a ~60kDa protein which densely packs the cell surface of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. This genus is notable for their cell surface proteins. They were first isolated from Trypanosoma brucei in 1975 by George Cross. VSG allows the trypanosomatid parasites to evade the mammalian host's immune system by extensive antigenic variation. They form a 12–15 nm surface coat. VSG dimers, ~90% of all cell surface protein. It also makes up ~10% of total cell protein. For this reason, these proteins are highly immunogenic and an immune response raised against a specific VSG coat will rapidly kill trypanosomes expressing this variant. However, with each cell division there is a possibility that the progeny will switch expression to change the VSG that is being expressed. VSG has no prescribed biochemical activity.

The parasite has a large cellular repertoire of antigenically distinct VSGs (~1500/2000 complete and partial (pseudogenes)) located in telomeric and subtelomeric arrays (on megabase chromosomes or minichromosomes). VSGs are expressed from a bloodstream expression site (BES, ES) in a polycistron by RNA polymerase I (recruited to a ribosomal-type promoter) with other ES-associated genes (ESAGs), of which transferrin receptor (Tfr: ESAG6, ESAG7) is one. Only one VSG gene is expressed at a time, as only one of the ~15 ES are active in a cell. VSG expression is 'switched' by homologous recombination of a silent basic copy gene from an array (directed by homology) into the active telomerically-located expression site. During this transition, trypanosomes simultaneously display both pre- and post-switch VSGs on their surface. This coat replacement process is critical for the survival of recently switched cells because initial VSGs remain targets for the escalating host Ab response. Mosaic VSG genes can be created by homologous recombination of a partial VSG gene from an array. This partial gene may replace any portion of the residing VSG gene, creating a new mosaic VSG. VSG half-life measurements suggest that initial VSGs may persist on the surface of genetically switched trypanosomes for several days. It remains unclear whether the regulation of VSG switching is purely stochastic or whether environmental stimuli affect switching frequency. The fact that switching occurs in vitro suggests that there is at least some host-independent, stochastic element to the process.

The antigenic variation causes cyclical waves of parasitemia, which is one of the characteristics of Human African Trypanosomiasis. The cyclical process take 5-8 days. This occurs because a diverse range of coats expressed by the trypanosome population means that the immune system is always one step behind: it takes several days for an immune response against a given VSG to develop, giving the population time to diversify as individuals undergo further switching events. The repetition of this process prevents the extinction of the infecting trypanosome population, allowing chronic persistence of parasites in the host and enhancing opportunities for transmission.

INFO: Full form for VSG is Veterinary Specialist Group in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for YDP is Yamahachi Dental Products in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VLI is Ventillator-associated Lung Injury in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for VLI is Veterinary Leadership Institute in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WGA is Whole Genome Amplification in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for WGA is Whole Genome Analysis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TIU is Trypsin Inhibitory Units in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TGE is Transmissible GastroEnteritis in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for YGA is Yeast Genes Analyzer in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TLL is The Life Link in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TLL is Teaching and Learning Laboratory in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TMM is Translational and Molecular Medicine in Medical category
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Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is most commonly performed for osteoarthritis, and also for other knee diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. In patients with severe deformity from advanced rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, or long-standing osteoarthritis, the surgery may be more complicated and carry higher risk. Osteoporosis does not typically cause knee pain, deformity, or inflammation and is not a reason to perform knee replacement.

Other major causes of debilitating pain include meniscus tears, cartilage defects, and ligament tears. Debilitating pain from osteoarthritis is much more common in the elderly.

Knee replacement surgery can be performed as a partial or a total knee replacement. In general, the surgery consists of replacing the diseased or damaged joint surfaces of the knee with metal and plastic components shaped to allow continued motion of the knee.

The operation typically involves substantial postoperative pain, and includes vigorous physical rehabilitation. The recovery period may be 12 weeks or longer and may involve the use of mobility aids (e.g. walking frames, canes, crutches) to enable the patient's return to preoperative mobility. It is estimated that approximately 82% of total knee replacements will last 25 years.

INFO: Full form for TKA is Total Knee Arthroplasty in Medical category
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INFO: Full form for TKA is Through-the-knee amputation in Medical category
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TGL, Inc. (Technical Group Laboratory, Inc.) (株式会社テイジイエル Kabushiki-gaisha Ti Ji Eru) is a Japanese company dealing with developing, constructing and planning of various computer systems and software. This company supports the operating systems: Java, C, C++, Oracle, asp, Linux, Unix, Windows NT.