Explore topic-wise fullforms in Computer and Networking

INFO: Full form for LRJ is LocationReject in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MHEG is Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MFP is Multi-Function Peripheral in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for Mcps is Megachips per second in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MDC is Manufacturer Declaration of Conformity in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LSTR is Listener Sidetone Rating in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LUS is Location Update Service in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MIP is Mobile Internet Protocol in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MII is Ministry of Industry Information (China) in Computer and Networking category
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Multiple description coding (MDC) is a coding technique that fragments a single media stream into n substreams (n ≥ 2) referred to as descriptions. The packets of each description are routed over multiple, (partially) disjoint paths. In order to decode the media stream, any description can be used, however, the quality improves with the number of descriptions received in parallel. The idea of MDC is to provide error resilience to media streams. Since an arbitrary subset of descriptions can be used to decode the original stream, network congestion or packet loss — which are common in best-effort networks such as the Internet — will not interrupt the stream but only cause a (temporary) loss of quality. The quality of a stream can be expected to be roughly proportional to data rate sustained by the receiver.

MDC is a form of data partitioning, thus comparable to layered coding as it is used in MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. Yet, in contrast to MDC, layered coding mechanisms generate a base layer and n enhancement layers. The base layer is necessary for the media stream to be decoded, enhancement layers are applied to improve stream quality. However, the first enhancement layer depends on the base layer and each enhancement layer n + 1 depends on its subordinate layer n, thus can only be applied if n was already applied. Hence, media streams using the layered approach are interrupted whenever the base layer is missing and, as a consequence, the data of the respective enhancement layers is rendered useless. The same applies for missing enhancement layers. In general, this implies that in lossy networks the quality of a media stream is not proportional to the amount of correctly received data.

Besides increased fault tolerance, MDC allows for rate-adaptive streaming: Content providers send all descriptions of a stream without paying attention to the download limitations of clients. Receivers that cannot sustain the data rate only subscribe to a subset of these streams, thus freeing the content provider from sending additional streams at lower data rates.

The vast majority of state-of-the art codecs uses single description (SD) video coding. This approach does not partition any data at all. Despite the aforementioned advantages of MDC, SD codecs are still predominant. The reasons are probably the comparingly high complexity of codec development, the loss of some compression efficiency as well as the caused transmission overhead.

Though MDC has its practical roots in media communication, it is widely researched in the area of information theory.

A related technology is layered coding, which also produces multiple compressed streams, but with a hierarchy between these streams.

INFO: Full form for MDBS is Mobile Data Base Station in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for M-LVDS is Multipoint Low Voltage Differential Signaling in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for MLPP is Multi-Level Precedence and Preemption in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MHS is Message Handling System X.400 in Computer and Networking category
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Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements. A structure designed by LSD is proportioned to sustain all actions likely to occur during its design life, and to remain fit for use, with an appropriate level of reliability for each limit state. Building codes based on LSD implicitly define the appropriate levels of reliability by their prescriptions.

The method of limit state design, developed in the USSR and based on research led by Professor N.S. Streletski, was introduced in USSR building regulations in 1955.

INFO: Full form for LMCO is Lockheed Martin Corporation and Ericsson in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LRN is Location routing number for LNP in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LAPM is Link Access Protocol for Modems (V.42) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LBC is Low Bit rate Coder in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MACA is Mobile Assisted Channel Allocation in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LCFO is Line Current Feed Open in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for LSOG is Local Service Ordering Guidelines in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for LSSGR is LATA Switching Systems Generic Requirements (Bellcore) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MASA is Multimedia Services Affiliate Forum in Computer and Networking category
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In most telecommunications organizations, a virtual channel is a method of remapping the program number as used in H.222 Program Association Tables and Program Mapping Tables to a channel number that can be entered via digits on a receiver's remote control.

Often, "virtual channels" are implemented in digital television, helping users to find a desired channel easily, or easing the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting in general. The practice of assigning virtual channels is most common in those parts of the world where TV stations were colloquially named after the RF channel they were transmitting on ("channel 6 Springfield"), as it was common in North America during the analogue TV era. In other parts of the world, such as Europe, virtual channels are rarely used or needed, as TV stations there identify themselves by name, not by RF channel or callsign.

A "virtual channel" was first used for DigiCipher 2 in North America and then later used and referred to as a logical channel number (LCN) for private European Digital Video Broadcasting extensions widely used by the NDS Group and NorDig in other markets.

Pay television operators were the first to use either of these systems as a method of channel reassignment or rearrangement that suited their need to group multiple channels by their content or origin as well as to a lesser extent to localize advertising to a particular market.

Free-to-air ATSC uses the DigiCipher 2 method to maintain the same television frequency channel allocation that the NTSC channel was using when both were simulcasting so the same number could bring up either service.

Free-to-air DVB network operators such as DTV Services Ltd. (d.b.a. Freeview) and Freeview New Zealand Ltd. use the NorDig method and follow the same practice as pay TV operators. The exception is Freeview Australia Ltd., which also use the NorDig method and partially follow the ATSC practice of using the same VHF radio frequency channel allocation that the PAL channel is simulcasting on from the metropolitan station's main transmission point (i2, 7, 9 and 10) with the major and minor format emulated by multiplying by ten.

In GSM, a Regular Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction (RPE-LTP) scheme is employed in order to reduce the amount of data sent between the mobile station (MS) and base transceiver station (BTS).

In essence, when a voltage level of a particular speech sample is quantified, the mobile station's internal logic predicts the voltage level for the next sample. When the next sample is quantified, the packet sent by the MS to the BTS contains only the error (the signed difference between the actual and predicted level of the sample).

Borne is an Australian alt-rock band formed in Melbourne in 2003.

They released several EPs in their first 3 years of existence, but came to widespread attention only in 2007, when their single "The Guide" was featured as Single of the Week on a number of iTunes Stores worldwide, including the US store. iTunes took the unprecedented move of listing the free download worldwide. The band's debut onto the world digital stage was remarkable, soaring into chart high-points globally and resting at No. 13 in the US Billboard digital charts. The band was last-minute inclusion at the 2007 South by Southwest Festival, in Austin, Texas, an annual event where hundreds of musical acts from across the globe are showcased.

In 2006, one of the band's songs, Don't Go Now was featured during evictions on the Australian version of Big Brother. In the United States, The Guide was featured in the hit television program, Friday Night Lights.

The band made 2007 its year of recognition in its own back yard, Australia. Borne raised eyebrows in the Australian music industry when it was promoted to the high ground of international recognition at the UK's big festivals, Hyde Park Calling and Glastonbury. It put the seal on 2007 when, from 5000 entrants, Borne took out the four most coveted awards at the MusicOz Awards 2007, the annual showcase event for independent Australian musicians. Borne won the Nova Initiative award; its lead singer Cameron Tapp received the award for best singer/songwriter. The band also won the Garth Porter Award and the major award, Artist of the Year. Further international recognition of the band and its lyrical appeal to network television audiences came with the inclusion of "Don't Go Now" in the US, ABC super-series 'October Road'.

As of 2007, the members of Borne are:

In 2009, "The Guide" (from the album Loss of Signal) was featured on an Australian advertisement for Pedigree's Adoption Drive.

INFO: Full form for LDCELP is Low Delay CELP in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for MBFT is Multipoint Binary File Transfer in Computer and Networking category
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Low-voltage differential signaling, or LVDS, also known as TIA/EIA-644, is a technical standard that specifies electrical characteristics of a differential, serial signaling standard, but it is not a protocol. LVDS operates at low power and can run at very high speeds using inexpensive twisted-pair copper cables. LVDS is a physical layer specification only; many data communication standards and applications use it and add a data link layer as defined in the OSI model on top of it.

LVDS was introduced in 1994, and has become popular in products such as LCD-TVs, automotive infotainment systems, industrial cameras and machine vision, notebook and tablet computers, and communications systems. The typical applications are high-speed video, graphics, video camera data transfers, and general purpose computer buses.

Early on, the notebook computer and LCD display vendors commonly used the term LVDS instead of FPD-Link when referring to their protocol, and the term LVDS has mistakenly become synonymous with Flat Panel Display Link in the video-display engineering vocabulary.

INFO: Full form for MBN is Multiservice Broadband Networks in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LRF is Location Registration Function in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MCPE is Motion Compensated Prediction Error in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MMAP is Mobility Management Application Protocol (T1S1) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for M-ES is Mobile End System in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for M-IRS is Modified IRS in Computer and Networking category

INFO: Full form for LDM is Limited Distance Modem (CS-03) in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MAHO is Mobile Assisted Handoff in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MFPA is Multi-Function Peripheral Association in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for MMF is Multi Mode Optical Fiber in Computer and Networking category
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INFO: Full form for LZJH is Lempel-Ziv-Jeff.Heath in Computer and Networking category

The modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) is a transform based on the type-IV discrete cosine transform (DCT-IV), with the additional property of being lapped: it is designed to be performed on consecutive blocks of a larger dataset, where subsequent blocks are overlapped so that the last half of one block coincides with the first half of the next block. This overlapping, in addition to the energy-compaction qualities of the DCT, makes the MDCT especially attractive for signal compression applications, since it helps to avoid artifacts stemming from the block boundaries. As a result of these advantages, the MDCT is the most widely used lossy compression technique in audio data compression. It is employed in most modern audio coding standards, including MP3, Dolby Digital (AC-3), Vorbis (Ogg), Windows Media Audio (WMA), ATRAC, Cook, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), High-Definition Coding (HDC), LDAC, Dolby AC-4, and MPEG-H 3D Audio, as well as speech coding standards such as AAC-LD (LD-MDCT), G.722.1, G.729.1, CELT, and Opus.

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, and demonstrated by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. The MDCT was later proposed by John P. Princen, A.W. Johnson and Alan B. Bradley at the University of Surrey in 1987, following earlier work by Princen and Bradley (1986) to develop the MDCT's underlying principle of time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), described below. (There also exists an analogous transform, the MDST, based on the discrete sine transform, as well as other, rarely used, forms of the MDCT based on different types of DCT or DCT/DST combinations.)

In MP3, the MDCT is not applied to the audio signal directly, but rather to the output of a 32-band polyphase quadrature filter (PQF) bank. The output of this MDCT is postprocessed by an alias reduction formula to reduce the typical aliasing of the PQF filter bank. Such a combination of a filter bank with an MDCT is called a hybrid filter bank or a subband MDCT. AAC, on the other hand, normally uses a pure MDCT; only the (rarely used) MPEG-4 AAC-SSR variant (by Sony) uses a four-band PQF bank followed by an MDCT. Similar to MP3, ATRAC uses stacked quadrature mirror filters (QMF) followed by an MDCT.