Explore topic-wise fullforms in Maths

INFO: Full form for FPPR is First Principle of Practical Reason in Maths category
FPPR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for NNF is Negation Normal Form in Maths category
NNF also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for NNF is Non-normal Form in Maths category
NNF also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for LLQ is Low Level Qualifier in Maths category
LLQ also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RIBD is Randomized Incomplete Block Diagram in Maths category
RIBD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ZI is Zero Intercept in Maths category
ZI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ZI is Zero Initialised in Maths category
ZI also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for ZA is Z Axis in Maths category
ZA also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In mathematical logic, second-order arithmetic is a collection of axiomatic systems that formalize the natural numbers and their subsets. It is an alternative to axiomatic set theory as a foundation for much, but not all, of mathematics.

A precursor to second-order arithmetic that involves third-order parameters was introduced by David Hilbert and Paul Bernays in their book Grundlagen der Mathematik. The standard axiomatization of second-order arithmetic is denoted by Z2.

Second-order arithmetic includes, but is significantly stronger than, its first-order counterpart Peano arithmetic. Unlike Peano arithmetic, second-order arithmetic allows quantification over sets of natural numbers as well as numbers themselves. Because real numbers can be represented as (infinite) sets of natural numbers in well-known ways, and because second-order arithmetic allows quantification over such sets, it is possible to formalize the real numbers in second-order arithmetic. For this reason, second-order arithmetic is sometimes called “analysis” (Sieg 2013, p. 291).

Second-order arithmetic can also be seen as a weak version of set theory in which every element is either a natural number or a set of natural numbers. Although it is much weaker than Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, second-order arithmetic can prove essentially all of the results of classical mathematics expressible in its language.

A subsystem of second-order arithmetic is a theory in the language of second-order arithmetic each axiom of which is a theorem of full second-order arithmetic (Z2). Such subsystems are essential to reverse mathematics, a research program investigating how much of classical mathematics can be derived in certain weak subsystems of varying strength. Much of core mathematics can be formalized in these weak subsystems, some of which are defined below. Reverse mathematics also clarifies the extent and manner in which classical mathematics is nonconstructive.

INFO: Full form for ATR is Almost Totally Real in Maths category
ATR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HC is Horizontal Coefficient in Maths category
HC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HC is Half Circle in Maths category
HC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HC is Hermitian Conjugate in Maths category
HC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HC is High Complexity in Maths category
HC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HC is Horn Clause in Maths category
HC also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for PN is Pan and Nikias in Maths category
PN also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In mathematics, logic, philosophy, and formal systems, a primitive notion is a concept that is not defined in terms of previously-defined concepts. It is often motivated informally, usually by an appeal to intuition and everyday experience. In an axiomatic theory, relations between primitive notions are restricted by axioms. Some authors refer to the latter as "defining" primitive notions by one or more axioms, but this can be misleading. Formal theories cannot dispense with primitive notions, under pain of infinite regress (per the regress problem).

For example, in contemporary geometry, point, line, and contains are some primitive notions. Instead of attempting to define them, their interplay is ruled (in Hilbert's axiom system) by axioms like "For every two points there exists a line that contains them both".

Statistical process control (SPC) is a method of quality control which employs statistical methods to monitor and control a process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste (rework or scrap). SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key tools used in SPC include run charts, control charts, a focus on continuous improvement, and the design of experiments. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing lines.

SPC must be practiced in two phases: The first phase is the initial establishment of the process, and the second phase is the regular production use of the process. In the second phase, a decision of the period to be examined must be made, depending upon the change in 5M&E conditions (Man, Machine, Material, Method, Movement, Environment) and wear rate of parts used in the manufacturing process (machine parts, jigs, and fixtures).

An advantage of SPC over other methods of quality control, such as "inspection", is that it emphasizes early detection and prevention of problems, rather than the correction of problems after they have occurred.

In addition to reducing waste, SPC can lead to a reduction in the time required to produce the product. SPC makes it less likely the finished product will need to be reworked or scrapped.