Explore topic-wise fullforms in Space Science

INFO: Full form for TNP is Test Not Performed in Space Science category
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A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.

A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels are used as sewers or aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment.

Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Tunnels can be connected together in tunnel networks.

INFO: Full form for VRB is Vhf (very High Frequency) Recovery Beacon in Space Science category
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The observable universe is a ball-shaped region of the universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time, because the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. There may be 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe, although that number has recently been estimated at only several hundred billion based on new data from New Horizons. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction. That is, the observable universe has a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer. Every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

The word observable in this sense does not refer to the capability of modern technology to detect light or other information from an object, or whether there is anything to be detected. It refers to the physical limit created by the speed of light itself. No signal can travel faster than light, hence there is a maximum distance (called the particle horizon) beyond which nothing can be detected, as the signals could not have reached us yet. Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination (when hydrogen atoms were formed from protons and electrons and photons were emitted)—and the observable universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (the Big Bang in traditional physical cosmology, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology).

According to calculations, the current comoving distance—proper distance, which takes into account that the universe has expanded since the light was emitted—to particles from which the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) was emitted, which represents the radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light-years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light-years), about 2% larger. The radius of the observable universe is therefore estimated to be about 46.5 billion light-years and its diameter about 28.5 gigaparsecs (93 billion light-years, or 8.8×1026 metres or 2.89×1027 feet), which equals 880 yottametres. Using the critical density and the diameter of the observable universe, the total mass of ordinary matter in the universe can be calculated to be about 1.5 × 1053 kg. In November 2018, astronomers reported that the extragalactic background light (EBL) amounted to 4 × 1084 photons.

As the universe's expansion is accelerating, all currently observable objects, outside our local supercluster, will eventually appear to freeze in time, while emitting progressively redder and fainter light. For instance, objects with the current redshift z from 5 to 10 will remain observable for no more than 4–6 billion years. In addition, light emitted by objects currently situated beyond a certain comoving distance (currently about 19 billion parsecs) will never reach Earth.

INFO: Full form for TMM is Thermal Math Model in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for TMM is Training Mix Model in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for TKB is Technical Knowledge Base in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for SLN is Erno Spacelab Payload in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for OXD is Oxide, Oxidizer in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for PAH is Payload Accommodations Handbook in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for PEG is Powered Explicit Guidance in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for NLG is Nose Landing Gear in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for OLF is Orbiter Landing Facility (now Slf) in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for OLF is Orbiter Lifting Frame in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MFO is Major Function Overlay in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for MFG is Major Functional Group in Space Science category
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Manufacturing is the production of goods through the use of labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but it is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from the primary sector are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).

Manufacturing engineering, or the manufacturing process, are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers, use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with the engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, AbbVie, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, BASF, Airbus, Michelin and Unilever. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, LG, Samsung, Godrej & Boyce and Tata Motors.

INFO: Full form for LPS is Liters Per Second in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for LPS is Launch Processing (processor) System in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Request for Engineering Release in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Reusable - Expendable - Reusable in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Research Expenditure Report in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Repair Effectiveness Report in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Remote Readout in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Rubberized Equipment Repair in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for RER is Recovery Expense Report in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for REE is Remote Exploration and Experimentation in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for TBP is To Be Provided in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for TFF is Time To Free Fall in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for HBR is High Bit Rate in Space Science category
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INFO: Full form for LPS is Laboratory for Planetary Sciences in Space Science category
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