Explore topic-wise fullforms in Chemistry

INFO: Full form for LAE is Lyman Alpha Emitter in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LOR is Limit of Reporting in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BOV is Blow Off Valve in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for CVR is Constant Volume Reheater in Chemistry category
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A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. Two possible forms exist, 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols. DAGs can act as surfactants and are commonly used as emulsifiers in processed foods. DAG-enriched oil (particularly 1,3-DAG) has been investigated extensively as a fat substitute due to its ability to suppress the accumulation of body fat; with total annual sales of approximately USD 200 million in Japan since its introduction in the late 1990s till 2009.

INFO: Full form for DHF is Dilute Hydrofluoric Acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GAW is Gross Atomic Weight in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GER is Gain Electrons = Reduction in Chemistry category
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units). The repeating two-sugar unit consists of a uronic sugar and an amino sugar, with the exception of keratan, where in the place of the uronic sugar it has galactose. Because GAGs are highly polar and attract water, they are used in the body as a lubricant or shock absorber.Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders in which abnormal accumulations of glycosaminoglycans occur because of enzyme deficiencies.

INFO: Full form for GBB is Gas Blow Back in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GAR is Glycine Arginine Rich in Chemistry category
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gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid or γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor. GHB has been used in the medical setting as a general anesthetic and as a treatment for cataplexy, narcolepsy, and alcoholism. It is also used illegally as an intoxicant, as an athletic-performance enhancer, as a date-rape drug, and as a recreational drug.

It is commonly used in the form of a salt, such as sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB, sodium oxybate, or Xyrem) or potassium γ-hydroxybutyrate (KGHB, potassium oxybate). GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation, and is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, beef and small citrus fruits.

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood.

INFO: Full form for GLI is Grand Luxe Injection in Chemistry category
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Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpenoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause fusarium head blight in wheat and gibberella or fusarium ear blight in corn. The incidence of fusarium head blight is strongly associated with moisture at the time of flowering (anthesis), and the timing of rainfall, rather than the amount, is the most critical factor. However, increased amount of moisture towards harvest time has been associated with lower amount of vomitoxin in wheat grain due to leaching of toxins. Furthermore, deoxynivalenol contents are significantly affected by the susceptibility of cultivars towards Fusarium species, previous crop, tillage practices, and fungicide use. It occurs abundantly in grains in Norway due to heavy rainfall.

F. graminearum grows optimally at a temperature of 25 °C and at a water activity above 0.88. F. culmorum grows optimally at 21 °C and at a water activity above 0.87. The geographical distribution of the two species appears to be related to temperature, F. graminearum being the more common species occurring in warmer climates. Deoxynivalenol has been implicated in incidents of mycotoxicoses in both humans and farm animals.

INFO: Full form for DLN is Dry Low Nox in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for CNO is Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BTK is Break Tank in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for GRO is Gasoline Range Organics in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HRT is High Resolution Thermometer in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ARL is Axiom Right Left in Chemistry category
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The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars. This is a period of stellar evolution undertaken by all low- to intermediate-mass stars (0.6–10 solar masses) late in their lives.

Observationally, an asymptotic-giant-branch star will appear as a bright red giant with a luminosity ranging up to thousands of times greater than the Sun. Its interior structure is characterized by a central and largely inert core of carbon and oxygen, a shell where helium is undergoing fusion to form carbon (known as helium burning), another shell where hydrogen is undergoing fusion forming helium (known as hydrogen burning), and a very large envelope of material of composition similar to main-sequence stars (except in the case of carbon stars).

INFO: Full form for AGA is Aktiebolaget Gas Accumulator in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for AGE is Advanced Glycosylated End Products in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ABV is Alcohol By Volume in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for AKT is All Kinds of Things in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for CGE is Computable General Equilibrium in Chemistry category
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Chlorhexidine (CHX) (commonly known by the salt forms chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) or chlorhexidine acetate) is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments. It may be used both to disinfect the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers. It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking. It is used as a liquid or powder.

Side effects may include skin irritation, teeth discoloration, and allergic reactions. It may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol, water, or surfactant solution. It is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores.

Chlorhexidine came into medical use in the 1950s. Chlorhexidine is available over the counter (OTC) in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2017, it was the 286th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.

INFO: Full form for BTX is Benzene Toluene Xylene in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BOE is Buffered Oxide Etchant in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TOE is Thermodynamics of Entanglement in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TGS is Tri- Glycine Sulfate in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TNA is Tri-nucleic-acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for IUM is International University Ministry in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for THC is Tetra Hydra Cannabinol in Chemistry category
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Triethanolamine, or TEA is a viscous organic compound that is both a tertiary amine and a triol. A triol is a molecule with three alcohol groups. Approximately 150,000 tonnes were produced in 1999. It is a colourless compound although samples may appear yellow because of impurities.

INFO: Full form for TEA is Terminal Electron Acceptor in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for FBD is Free Body Diagram in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RMN is (r)-mandelic Acid in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for YAP is Yield Analysis Pattern in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for XRR is X- Ray Reflectivity in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for EIE is Easily Ionized Element in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BEP is Benzoxazine Epoxy and Phenolic in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BGO is Bismuth Germanium Oxide in Chemistry category
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Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. As depressants—drugs which lower brain activity—they are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which soon followed with diazepam (Valium) in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide.

Benzodiazepines are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use—about two to four weeks—although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. A minority of people have reactions such as worsened agitation or panic when they stop taking benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of suicide due to aggression, impulsivity, and negative withdrawal effects. Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about decreasing effectiveness, physical dependence, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia and cancer. In the long-term, stopping benzodiazepines often leads to improved physical and mental health. The elderly are at an increased risk of both short- and long-term adverse effects, and as a result, all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn.

Taken in overdose, benzodiazepines can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness, but they are less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. Combined with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as alcohol and opioids, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases significantly. Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other addictive substances.

INFO: Full form for ULS is Ultra Low Sulfur in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BOW is Behavior of Water in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for CPD is Convex Polyhedron Decomposition in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BEV is Bio Electric Vincent in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for MWM is Molecular Weight Marker in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TST is Transition State Theory in Chemistry category
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