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INFO: Full form for SOF is Self Organization Factor in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for SOF is Soluble Organic Fraction in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LWC is Light Water Content in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for VST is Variably Stable and Transient in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for VST is Virtual Synthesis Technology in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HAP is High Age Profile in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HAP is Holographic Assistance Program in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for HED is Hot Electron Death in Chemistry category
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In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, or LOD (limit of detection), often mistakenly confused with the analytical sensitivity, is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) with a stated confidence level (generally 99%). The detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank, the standard deviation of the blank, the slope (analytical sensitivity) of the calibration plot and a defined confidence factor (e.g. 3.2 being the most accepted value for this arbitrary value). Another consideration that affects the detection limit is the accuracy of the model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal.

As a typical example, from a calibration plot following a model equation "f(x) = a + b(x)" where "f(x)" corresponds to the signal measured (e.g. voltage, luminescence, energy, etc.), "a" the value in which the equation cuts the ordinates axis, "b" the sensitivity of the system (the slope of the plot or the function interacting with the measurable variable) and "x" the value which is measured (e.g. temperature, concentration, pH, etc.), the LOD is calculated as the "x" value in which f(x) equals to the average value of blanks "y" plus "t" times its standard deviation "s" (or, if zero, the standard deviation corresponding to the lowest value measured) where "t" is the chosen confidence value (e.g. for a confidence of 95% it can be considered t = 3.2, determined from the limit of blank). Thus, LOD = (f(x)-a)/b = (y + 3.2s - a)/b.

There are a number of concepts derived from the detection limit that are commonly used. These include the instrument detection limit (IDL), the method detection limit (MDL), the practical quantitation limit (PQL), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Even when the same terminology is used, there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances of what definition is used and what type of noise contributes to the measurement and calibration.

The figure below illustrates the relationship between the blank, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) by showing the probability density function for normally distributed measurements at the blank, at the LOD defined as 3 * standard deviation of the blank, and at the LOQ defined as 10 * standard deviation of the blank. For a signal at the LOD, the alpha error (probability of false positive) is small (1%). However, the beta error (probability of a false negative) is 50% for a sample that has a concentration at the LOD (red line). This means a sample could contain an impurity at the LOD, but there is a 50% chance that a measurement would give a result less than the LOD. At the LOQ (blue line), there is minimal chance of a false negative.

INFO: Full form for LOD is Loss On Drying in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for VPE is Virtual Potential Energy in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RED is Renewable Emulsified Diesel in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ABF is Ajinomoto Build-up Film in Chemistry category
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A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (−OH groups). An aliphatic diol is also called a glycol. This pairing of functional groups is pervasive, and many subcategories have been identified.

The most common industrial diol is ethylene glycol. Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol HO−(CH2)4−OH and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, HO−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH.

INFO: Full form for LPD is Large Particle Detection in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LOT is Loss of Transitions in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for RCO is Regenerative Catalytic Oxidizer in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for VDA is Visual Data Analysis in Chemistry category
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The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes that carry out the detoxification of methylglyoxal and the other reactive aldehydes that are produced as a normal part of metabolism. This system has been studied in both bacteria and eukaryotes.

This detoxification is accomplished by the sequential action of two thiol-dependent enzymes; firstly glyoxalase І, which catalyzes the isomerization of the spontaneously formed hemithioacetal adduct between glutathione and 2-oxoaldehydes (such as methylglyoxal) into S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione. Secondly, glyoxalase ІІ hydrolyses these thiolesters and in the case of methylglyoxal catabolism, produces D-lactate and GSH from S-D-lactoyl-glutathione.

This system shows many of the typical features of the enzymes that dispose of endogenous toxins. Firstly, in contrast to the amazing substrate range of many of the enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, it shows a narrow substrate specificity. Secondly, intracellular thiols are required as part of its enzymatic mechanism and thirdly, the system acts to recycle reactive metabolites back to a form which may be useful to cellular metabolism.

INFO: Full form for LAB is Linear Alkyl Benzene in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PLP is Periodate Lysine Paraformaldehyde in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for PPB is Potassium Phosphate Buffer in Chemistry category
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The permissible exposure limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance or physical agent such as high level noise. Permissible exposure limits are established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Most of OSHA's PELs were issued shortly after adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act in 1970.

For chemicals, the chemical regulation is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm), or sometimes in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). Units of measure for physical agents such as noise are specific to the agent.

A PEL is usually given as a time-weighted average (TWA), although some are short-term exposure limits (STEL) or ceiling limits. A TWA is the average exposure over a specified period, usually a nominal eight hours. This means that, for limited periods, a worker may be exposed to concentration excursions higher than the PEL, so long as the TWA is not exceeded and any applicable excursion limit is not exceeded. An excursion limit typically means that "...worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the PEL-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the PEL-TWA, provided thatthe PEL-TWA is not exceeded." Excursion limits are enforced in some states (for example Oregon) and on the federal level for certain contaminants such as asbestos.

A short-term exposure limit is one that addresses the average exposure over a 15-30 minute period of maximum exposure during a single work shift. A ceiling limit is one that may not be exceeded for any time, and is applied to irritants and other materials that have immediate effects.

INFO: Full form for ORP is Oxidation Reduction Potential in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NPG is Neat Propylene Glycol in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LCS is Laboratory Control Sample in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NPH is Non Phototropic Hypocotyl in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NOE is Number of Events in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for NME is New Molecular Entities in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for LDA is Lithium Diisopropylamide in Chemistry category
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Manganese oxide is any of a variety of manganese oxides and hydroxides. These include

Other manganese oxides include Mn5O8, Mn7O12 and Mn7O13.

INFO: Full form for PGE is Platinum Group Elements in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for WSP is Water Soluble Packet in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for BAP is Benzyl Amino Purine in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for ACV is Aggregate Compacted Value in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for DBP is Di Butyl Phthalate in Chemistry category
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Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is an examination of electrical transformer oil contaminants. Insulating materials within electrical equipment liberate gases as they slowly break down over time. The composition and distribution of these dissolved gases are indicators of the effects of deterioration, such as pyrolysis or partial discharge, and the rate of gas generation indicates the severity. DGA is beneficial to a preventive maintenance program.

The collection and analysis of gases in an oil-insulated transformer was discussed as early as 1928. As of 2018, many years of empirical and theoretical study have gone into the analysis of transformer fault gases.

DGA usually consists of sampling the oil and sending the sample to a laboratory for analysis. Mobile DGA units can be transported and used on site as well; some units can be directly connected to a transformer. Online monitoring of electrical equipment is an integral part of the smart grid.

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. The compound is a very hard material that has a Wurtzite crystal structure. Its wide band gap of 3.4 eV affords it special properties for applications in optoelectronic, high-power and high-frequency devices. For example, GaN is the substrate which makes violet (405 nm) laser diodes possible, without requiring nonlinear optical frequency-doubling.

Its sensitivity to ionizing radiation is low (like other group III nitrides), making it a suitable material for solar cell arrays for satellites. Military and space applications could also benefit as devices have shown stability in radiation environments.

Because GaN transistors can operate at much higher temperatures and work at much higher voltages than gallium arsenide (GaAs) transistors, they make ideal power amplifiers at microwave frequencies. In addition, GaN offers promising characteristics for THz devices. Due to high power density and voltage breakdown limits GaN is also emerging as a promising candidate for 5G cellular base station applications.

INFO: Full form for COW is Crivitz Observing Weekend in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for CCO is Chemical Control Order in Chemistry category
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INFO: Full form for TIC is Total Ion Current in Chemistry category
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