Explore topic-wise fullforms in Maths

INFO: Full form for APM is Arbitrary Precision Mathematics in Maths category
APM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for SMET is Science Mathematics Engineering and Technology in Maths category
SMET also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries, representing over 90% of the world's population, send teams of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The content ranges from extremely difficult algebra and pre-calculus problems to problems on branches of mathematics not conventionally covered in secondary or high school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry, functional equations, combinatorics, and well-grounded number theory, of which extensive knowledge of theorems is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity, often times a great deal of ingenuity to net all points for a given IMO problem.

The selection process differs by country, but it often consists of a series of tests which admit fewer students at each progressing test. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores. Contestants must be under the age of 20 and must not be registered at any tertiary institution. Subject to these conditions, an individual may participate any number of times in the IMO.

The International Mathematical Olympiad is one of the most prestigious mathematical competitions in the world. In January 2011, Google sponsored €1 million to the International Mathematical Olympiad organization.

INFO: Full form for CEM is Conditional Excluded Middle in Maths category
CEM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for RSPM is Representative Spherical Plane Method in Maths category
RSPM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for VINE is Eastern Virginia Medical School Library, Norfolk, Virginia in Maths category
VINE also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as

where A and B are two finite sets and |S| indicates the cardinality of a set S (which may be considered as the number of elements of the set, if the set is finite). The formula expresses the fact that the sum of the sizes of the two sets may be too large since some elements may be counted twice. The double-counted elements are those in the intersection of the two sets and the count is corrected by subtracting the size of the intersection.

The inclusion-exclusion principle, being a generalization of the two-set case, is perhaps more clearly seen in the case of three sets, which for the sets A, B and C is given by

This formula can be verified by counting how many times each region in the Venn diagram figure is included in the right-hand side of the fo reference

INFO: Full form for FFF is Front Fixing Finite in Maths category
FFF also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for DPP is Dining Philosopher Problem in Maths category
DPP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for MASS is Mathematics Advanced Study Semesters in Maths category
MASS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for VAM is Vectors and Matrices in Maths category
VAM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for WRM is Weighted Residual Method in Maths category
WRM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for LFL is Lower Fixation Limit in Maths category
LFL also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for EPD is Expected Predictive Deviance in Maths category
EPD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for OSCAR is Ohio State Catalog of Automated Retrieval in Maths category
OSCAR also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BEEM is Blackburn Extension and Enrichment Mathematics in Maths category
BEEM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for DMBL is Deterministic Modal Bayesian Logic in Maths category
DMBL also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for HCD is Highest Common Denominator in Maths category
HCD also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for LIFE is Logic, Inheritance, Functions, and Equations in Maths category
LIFE also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for WLP is Weakest Liberal Precondition in Maths category
WLP also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CMST is Center for Mathematics Science and Technology in Maths category
CMST also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for CMST is The Center of Mathematics Science and Technology in Maths category
CMST also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for BSM is Budapest Semesters In Mathematics in Maths category
BSM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

The error vector magnitude or EVM (sometimes also called relative constellation error or RCE) is a measure used to quantify the performance of a digital radio transmitter or receiver. A signal sent by an ideal transmitter or received by a receiver would have all constellation points precisely at the ideal locations, however various imperfections in the implementation (such as carrier leakage, low image rejection ratio, phase noise etc.) cause the actual constellation points to deviate from the ideal locations. Informally, EVM is a measure of how far the points are from the ideal locations.

Noise, distortion, spurious signals, and phase noise all degrade EVM, and therefore EVM provides a comprehensive measure of the quality of the radio receiver or transmitter for use in digital communications. Transmitter EVM can be measured by specialized equipment, which demodulates the received signal in a similar way to how a real radio demodulator does it. One of the stages in a typical phase-shift keying demodulation process produces a stream of I-Q points which can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the ideal transmitted signal in EVM calculation.

INFO: Full form for AISM is Annals of The Institute of Statistical Mathematics in Maths category
AISM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

INFO: Full form for AMSS is Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science in Maths category
AMSS also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a label for a diverse set of methods used by scientists in both experimental and observational research across the sciences, business, and other fields. It is used most in the social and behavioral sciences. A definition of SEM is difficult without reference to highly technical language, but a good starting place is the name itself.

SEM involves the construction of a model, an informative representation of some observable or theoretical phenomenon. In this model, different aspects of a phenomenon are theorized to be related to one another with a structure. This structure is a system of equations, but it is usually designed on paper or using a computer with arrows and symbols (also known as path notation as shown in Figure 1). The structure implies statistical and often causal relationships between variables, error terms and can include multiple equations. The equation (or equations) in SEM are mathematical and statistical properties that are implied by the model and its structural features, and then estimated with statistical algorithms (usually based on matrix algebra and generalized linear models) using experimental or observational data.

Criticisms of SEM methods hint at mathematical formulation problems, a tendency to accept models without establishing external validity, and philosophical bias inherent in the standard procedures.

Although there are not always clear boundaries of what is and what is not SEM, it generally involves path models (see also path analysis) and measurement models (see also factor analysis) and always employs statistical models and computer programs to investigate the structural connections between latent variables underlying the actual variables taken from observed data.

The SEM toolkit includes confirmatory factor analysis, confirmatory composite analysis, path analysis, multi-group modeling, longitudinal modeling, partial least squares path modeling, latent growth modeling and hierarchical or multi-level modeling. Use of SEM is commonly justified in the social sciences because it is a way to identify latent variables that are believed to exist, but cannot be directly observed in reality.

Researchers using SEM employ software programs (such as Mplus, lavaan (in R), LISREL, SPSS, Stata) to estimate the strength and sign of a coefficient for each modeled arrow (the numbers shown in Figure 1 for example), and to provide diagnostic clues suggesting which indicators or model components might produce inconsistency between the model and the data.

A hypothetical model suggesting that intelligence (as measured by four questions) can predict academic performance (as measured by SAT, ACT, and high school GPA) is shown in Figure 1. The concept of human intelligence cannot be measured directly in the way that one could measure height or weight. Instead, researchers have a theory and conceptualization of intelligence and then design measurement instruments such as a questionnaire or test that provides them with multiple indicators of intelligence. These indicators are then combined in a model to create a plausible way of measuring intelligence as a latent variable (the circle for intelligence in Figure 1) from the indicators (square boxes with scale 1-4 in Figure 1).

In SEM diagrams, latent variables are commonly shown as ovals and observed variables as rectangles. The diagram above shows how error (e) influences each intelligence question and the SAT, ACT, and GPA scores, but does not influence the latent variables. When applying this model to observed data generated from the instruments, the researcher can recover a measure of intelligence and academic for each individual observed with the instruments with a margin of error that is implied by the instruments. The researcher can then use intelligence to test a hypothesis, for example that intelligence causes academic performance (which is another latent variable in Figure 1) defined by a path model drawing an arrow from intelligence to performance. Figure 1 is therefore a general example of a SEM involving measurement of latent variables and estimation of a hypothesized effect between at least one latent variable and another observed or latent variable (in this case latent academic performance).

A great advantage of SEM is that all of these measurements and tests occur simultaneously in one statistical estimation procedure, where the errors throughout the model are calculated using all information from the model. This means the errors are more accurate than if a researcher were to calculate each part of the model separately.

INFO: Full form for SEM is Standard Error of Mean in Maths category
SEM also has other full forms in other categories mentioned below.

In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population.